definition
expand assertion to
term replaced by
Class: ?X DisjointWith: RO_0002162 some ?Y
RO:0002161
external
never_in_taxon
true
true
never_in_taxon
never_in_taxon
Term not to be used for direct annotation
Term not to be used for direct manual annotation
AGR slim
Aspergillus GO slim
Candida GO slim
ChEMBL protein targets summary
FlyBase Drosophila GO ribbon slim
Generic GO slim
Metagenomics GO slim
Mouse GO slim
PIR GO slim
Plant GO slim
Fission yeast GO slim
synapse GO slim
Yeast GO slim
label approved by the SynGO project
Systematic synonym
subset_property
synonym_type_property
consider
has_alternative_id
has_broad_synonym
database_cross_reference
has_exact_synonym
has_narrow_synonym
has_obo_format_version
has_obo_namespace
has_related_synonym
has_scope
has_synonym_type
in_subset
shorthand
BFO:0000050
external
part_of
part_of
part of
BFO:0000051
external
has_part
has_part
has part
BFO:0000066
external
occurs_in
occurs_in
occurs in
RO:0002091
external
starts_during
starts_during
starts_during
RO:0002092
external
happens_during
happens_during
happens during
RO:0002093
external
ends_during
ends_during
ends_during
RO:0002211
external
regulates
regulates
regulates
RO:0002212
external
negatively_regulates
negatively_regulates
negatively regulates
RO:0002213
external
positively_regulates
positively_regulates
positively regulates
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
GO:0019952
GO:0050876
Wikipedia:Reproduction
reproductive physiological process
biological_process
GO:0000003
reproduction
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
GOC:go_curators
GOC:isa_complete
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair.
UvrB-UvrC complex
UvrBC complex
cellular_component
GO:0000109
Note that process information is included in the term and definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex.
nucleotide-excision repair complex
Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair.
PMID:10915862
UvrB-UvrC complex
PMID:12145219
UvrBC complex
GOC:bhm
PMID:12145219
The reversible, non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms in suspension to form aggregates of many cells known as flocs.
Wikipedia:Flocculation
biological_process
GO:0000128
The word floc derives from the Latin word floccus, which means a tuft of wool.
flocculation
The reversible, non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms in suspension to form aggregates of many cells known as flocs.
GOC:jl
GOC:vw
PMID:21114594
PMID:8740415
Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites; in Saccharomyces the polarisome includes Bni1p, Spa2p, Pea2p, and Bud6p.
cellular_component
GO:0000133
polarisome
Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites; in Saccharomyces the polarisome includes Bni1p, Spa2p, Pea2p, and Bud6p.
PMID:14734532
PMID:14998522
PMID:9632790
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.
cellular_component
GO:0000151
ubiquitin ligase complex
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.
GOC:jh2
PMID:9529603
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
MIPS_funcat:16.19
molecular_function
GO:0000166
nucleotide binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198547684
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
exosome (ribonucleasease complex)
exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex
cellular_component
GO:0000178
Note that this term should not be confused with 'exosome' used in the context of vesicles released from multivesicular bodies.
exosome (RNase complex)
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
PMID:17174896
PMID:20531386
PMID:26726035
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
MIPS_funcat:10.03.04
MIPS_funcat:10.03.04.07
biological_process
karyokinesis
GO:0000280
nuclear division
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
GOC:mah
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner.
CDK holoenzyme
cellular_component
GO:0000307
cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner.
GOC:krc
PMID:11602261
The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans.
TREX complex
cellular_component
GO:0000346
transcription export complex
The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans.
GOC:krc
PMID:11979277
The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
cellular_component
GO:0000347
THO complex
The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
GOC:krc
PMID:11060033
PMID:11979277
PMID:16983072
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
GO:0000385
GO:0031202
biological_process
RNA splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism
pre-mRNA splicing factor activity
spliceosomal catalysis
GO:0000375
Note that nuclear mRNA, Group I, Group II, and Group III introns are all spliced by a series of two transesterification reactions that occur within the RNA itself, or between two RNAs in trans splicing. Some of these require one or more proteins to stabilize the catalytic conformation, while others are autocatalytic. Note that tRNA introns are spliced by a different catalytic mechanism.
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
GOC:krc
RNA splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism
GOC:krc
GOC:mah
pre-mRNA splicing factor activity
GOC:krc
GOC:mah
The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.
GO:0000441
SSL2-core TFIIH complex
core TFIIH complex
cellular_component
GO:0000439
transcription factor TFIIH core complex
The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.
GOC:ew
GOC:krc
PMID:14500720
PMID:17215295
PMID:22308316
PMID:22572993
PMID:23028141
PMID:7813015
A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.
proteasome
26S proteasome
cellular_component
GO:0000502
proteasome complex
A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.
GOC:rb
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome
proteasome
GOC:cjm
The union or introduction of genetic information from compatible mating types that results in a genetically different individual. Conjugation requires direct cellular contact between the organisms.
Wikipedia:Conjugation
biological_process
GO:0000746
conjugation
The union or introduction of genetic information from compatible mating types that results in a genetically different individual. Conjugation requires direct cellular contact between the organisms.
GOC:elh
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
GO:0005699
Wikipedia:Kinetochore
cellular_component
GO:0000776
Note that the kinetochore overlaps the centromeric DNA, but centromeric DNA is not part of the kinetochore.
kinetochore
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
GOC:elh
A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.
cellular_component
GO:0000782
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete cellular component term 'telomere ; GO:0005696'. Use with caution because this term refers to a specific protein complex and not a region of the chromosome.
telomere cap complex
A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.
GOC:elh
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
GO:0005718
Wikipedia:Nucleosome
cellular_component
GO:0000786
nucleosome
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
GOC:elh
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
GO:0005676
GO:0008620
13S condensin complex
cellular_component
SMC complex
GO:0000796
condensin complex
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
GOC:elh
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome.
Wikipedia:Origin_recognition_complex
ORC
origin of replication recognition complex
cellular_component
GO:0000808
origin recognition complex
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome.
GOC:elh
A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.
cellular_component
GO:0000930
gamma-tubulin complex
A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.
GOC:clt
PMID:12134075
Protein complex that links the outer microtubule doublet of the ciliary or flagellum axoneme with the sheath that surrounds the central pair of microtubules. Composed of a stalk that attaches to each doublet microtubule and a globular structure (spoke head) that projects toward the central pair of microtubules.
Wikipedia:Radial_spoke
cellular_component
GO:0001534
radial spoke
Protein complex that links the outer microtubule doublet of the ciliary or flagellum axoneme with the sheath that surrounds the central pair of microtubules. Composed of a stalk that attaches to each doublet microtubule and a globular structure (spoke head) that projects toward the central pair of microtubules.
ISBN:0124325653
PMID:9450971
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
biological_process
GO:0001775
cell activation
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
GOC:mgi_curators
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
interferon production
interleukin production
biological_process
GO:0001816
Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules.
cytokine production
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
GOC:add
ISBN:0781735149
interferon production
GOC:add
GOC:mah
interleukin production
GOC:add
GOC:mah
http://wiki.geneontology.org/index.php/Why_isn%27t_interleukin_in_GO%3F
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
molecular_function
GO:0001882
nucleoside binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
GOC:hjd
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
biological_process
necrosis
GO:0001906
cell killing
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
GOC:add
The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.
cellular_component
GO:0001917
photoreceptor inner segment
The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.
GOC:add
PMID:12019563
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.
molecular_function
GO:0002054
nucleobase binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.
GOC:hjd
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
Wikipedia:Immune_system
biological_process
GO:0002376
Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501). This term was added by GO_REF:0000022.
immune system process
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
GOC:add
GOC:mtg_15nov05
GO_REF:0000022
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
GO:0005554
molecular function
molecular_function
GO:0003674
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code "no data" (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
molecular_function
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
GOC:pdt
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid.
GO:0000496
MIPS_funcat:16.03
base pairing
molecular_function
GO:0003676
nucleic acid binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid.
GOC:jl
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
lamin/chromatin binding
nuclear membrane vesicle binding to chromatin
molecular_function
microtubule/chromatin interaction
GO:0003682
chromatin binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
PMID:20404130
Catalysis of the generation of force resulting either in movement along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate.
MIPS_funcat:16.06
Reactome:R-HSA-1861595
molecular_function
GO:0003774
motor activity
Catalysis of the generation of force resulting either in movement along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate.
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
ISBN:0815316194
PMID:11242086
Reactome:R-HSA-1861595
Extension of pseudopodia by myosin-X in a PI3K dependent manner
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.
molecular_function
B cell receptor activity
antibody
immunoglobulin
opsonin activity
GO:0003823
antigen binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
ISBN:0721662544
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Wikipedia:Enzyme
enzyme activity
molecular_function
GO:0003824
catalytic activity
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
GOC:vw
ISBN:0198506732
enzyme activity
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
Catalysis of the cleavage of branch points in branched glycogen polymers.
molecular_function
GO:0004133
glycogen debranching enzyme activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of branch points in branched glycogen polymers.
ISBN:0198506732
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
GO:0008026
Reactome:R-HSA-167097
Reactome:R-HSA-169461
Reactome:R-HSA-169468
Reactome:R-HSA-5690996
Reactome:R-HSA-75949
Reactome:R-HSA-9613490
Reactome:R-HSA-9613494
Reactome:R-HSA-9613497
Reactome:R-HSA-9613498
ATP-dependent helicase activity
molecular_function
GO:0004386
Note that most helicases catalyze processive duplex unwinding.
helicase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
GOC:jl
Reactome:R-HSA-167097
HIV Promoter Opening: First Transition
Reactome:R-HSA-169461
MCM8 mediated fork unwinding
Reactome:R-HSA-169468
MCM2-7 mediated fork unwinding
Reactome:R-HSA-5690996
ERCC2 and ERCC3 DNA helicases form an open bubble structure in damaged DNA
Reactome:R-HSA-75949
RNA Polymerase II Promoter Opening: First Transition
Reactome:R-HSA-9613490
Unwinding of DNA for the nascent HIV-1 transcript: Second Transition
Reactome:R-HSA-9613494
Unwinding of DNA for the Nascent Transcript: Second Transition
Reactome:R-HSA-9613497
Unwinding DNA for the nascent transcript
Reactome:R-HSA-9613498
Unwinding of DNA for the nascent HIV-1 transcript
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.
Reactome:R-HSA-143468
Reactome:R-HSA-156526
Reactome:R-HSA-211882
Reactome:R-HSA-211904
Reactome:R-HSA-211910
Reactome:R-HSA-211919
Reactome:R-HSA-211924
Reactome:R-HSA-211929
Reactome:R-HSA-211948
Reactome:R-HSA-211951
Reactome:R-HSA-211959
Reactome:R-HSA-211960
Reactome:R-HSA-211962
Reactome:R-HSA-211968
Reactome:R-HSA-211988
Reactome:R-HSA-211991
Reactome:R-HSA-212004
Reactome:R-HSA-212005
Reactome:R-HSA-213175
Reactome:R-HSA-215526
Reactome:R-HSA-2161795
Reactome:R-HSA-2161814
Reactome:R-HSA-2161890
Reactome:R-HSA-2161899
Reactome:R-HSA-2161940
Reactome:R-HSA-2162191
Reactome:R-HSA-217258
Reactome:R-HSA-5423647
Reactome:R-HSA-5423664
Reactome:R-HSA-5423672
Reactome:R-HSA-5423678
Reactome:R-HSA-5602242
Reactome:R-HSA-5602272
Reactome:R-HSA-5602295
Reactome:R-HSA-5605147
Reactome:R-HSA-5662662
Reactome:R-HSA-5662692
Reactome:R-HSA-5663050
Reactome:R-HSA-6786239
Reactome:R-HSA-76354
Reactome:R-HSA-76373
Reactome:R-HSA-76386
Reactome:R-HSA-76397
Reactome:R-HSA-76416
Reactome:R-HSA-76426
Reactome:R-HSA-76434
Reactome:R-HSA-76456
Reactome:R-HSA-76466
Reactome:R-HSA-76472
Reactome:R-HSA-76475
Reactome:R-HSA-8865107
Reactome:R-HSA-9018874
Reactome:R-HSA-9027042
Reactome:R-HSA-9027043
Reactome:R-HSA-9027044
Reactome:R-HSA-9027302
Reactome:R-HSA-9027321
Reactome:R-HSA-9037761
molecular_function
hydroxylase activity
GO:0004497
monooxygenase activity
Reactome:R-HSA-215526
CYP4F3 20-hydroxylates LTB4
Reactome:R-HSA-2161795
Arachidonic acid is hydroxylated to 16/17/18-HETE by CYP(1)
Reactome:R-HSA-2161814
Arachidonic acid is hydroxylated to 19-HETE by CYP(2)
Reactome:R-HSA-2161890
Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4)
Reactome:R-HSA-2161899
Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 8,9/11,12/14,15-EET by CYP(5)
Reactome:R-HSA-2161940
Arachidonic acid is hydroxylated to 20-HETE by CYP(3)
Reactome:R-HSA-2162191
DMPhOH is hydroxylated to MDMQ10H2 by DMPhOH monooxygenase
Reactome:R-HSA-217258
FMO2:FAD:Mg2+ S-oxidises MTZ
Reactome:R-HSA-5423647
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E
Reactome:R-HSA-5423664
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1
Reactome:R-HSA-5423672
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO
Reactome:R-HSA-5423678
CYP1A2 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFM1
Reactome:R-HSA-5602242
Defective CYP2U1 does not omega-hydroxylate ARA
Reactome:R-HSA-5602272
Defective CYP4F22 does not 20-hydroxylate TrXA3
Reactome:R-HSA-5602295
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3
Reactome:R-HSA-5605147
Defective CYP1B1 does not 4-hydroxylate EST17b
Reactome:R-HSA-5662662
Tyrosinase oxidises tyrosine to dopaquinone
Reactome:R-HSA-5662692
Dopa is oxidized to dopaquinone by TYR
Reactome:R-HSA-5663050
DHI and DHICA polymerise forming eumelanin
Reactome:R-HSA-6786239
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE
Reactome:R-HSA-76354
Vinyl chloride is oxidized to 2-Chloroethylene oxide
Reactome:R-HSA-76373
N-hydroxylation of 4-aminobiphenyl
Reactome:R-HSA-76386
CYP1A2 S-demethylates 6MMP
Reactome:R-HSA-76397
Acetaminophen oxidised to N-acetylbenzoquinoneimine (NAPQI)
Reactome:R-HSA-76416
Benzene is hydroxylated to phenol
Reactome:R-HSA-76426
N-atom dealkylation of caffeine
Reactome:R-HSA-76434
Dehalogenation of carbon tetrachloride to form a free radical
Reactome:R-HSA-76456
O-atom dealkylation of dextromethorphan
Reactome:R-HSA-76466
CYP4A11 12-hydroxylates DDCX
Reactome:R-HSA-76472
Ethylene is oxidized to Ethylene oxide by CYP1A1
Reactome:R-HSA-76475
Dehalogenation of the poly-halogenated hydrocarbon Halothane to form the acylhalide Trifluoroacetlychloride and hydrogen bromide
Reactome:R-HSA-8865107
MICAL1 produces NADP+, H2O2
Reactome:R-HSA-9018874
CYP monooxygenates EPA to 18(S)-HpEPE
Reactome:R-HSA-9027042
CPY4 -oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to MaR-L1
Reactome:R-HSA-9027043
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA
Reactome:R-HSA-9027044
CYP4 -oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to MaR-L2
Reactome:R-HSA-9027302
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA
Reactome:R-HSA-9027321
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA
Reactome:R-HSA-9037761
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1
hydroxylase activity
GOC:mah
GOC:vk
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.
ISBN:0198506732
http://www.onelook.com/
Reactome:R-HSA-143468
MEOS oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde
Reactome:R-HSA-156526
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO
Reactome:R-HSA-211882
CYP3A7 can 6beta-hydroxylate testosterone
Reactome:R-HSA-211904
CYP4F12 18-hydroxylates ARA
Reactome:R-HSA-211910
CYP2C8 inactivates paclitaxel by 6alpha-hydroxylation
Reactome:R-HSA-211919
CYP4F8 19-hydroxylates PGH2
Reactome:R-HSA-211924
CYP4B1 12-hydroxylates ARA
Reactome:R-HSA-211929
CYP2C19 5-hydroxylates omeprazole
Reactome:R-HSA-211948
CYP3A4 can N-demethylate loperamide
Reactome:R-HSA-211951
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b
Reactome:R-HSA-211959
CYP3A43 6b-hydroxylates TEST
Reactome:R-HSA-211960
CYP2U1 19-hydroxylates ARA
Reactome:R-HSA-211962
CYP4F11 16-hydroxylates 3OH-PALM
Reactome:R-HSA-211968
CYP2W1 oxidises INDOL
Reactome:R-HSA-211988
CYP2C9 inactivates tolbutamide by 4methyl-hydroxylation
Reactome:R-HSA-211991
Cyclophosphamide is 4-hydroxylated by CYP2B6
Reactome:R-HSA-212004
CYP2C18 initiates bioactivation of phenytoin by 4-hydroxylation
Reactome:R-HSA-212005
CYP2F1 dehydrogenates 3-methylindole
Reactome:R-HSA-213175
CYP3A4,5 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO
Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in recombination required for transposition and are site-specific for the transposon/transposable element.
GO:0004804
P-element encoded transposase activity
molecular_function
GO:0004803
transposase activity
Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in recombination required for transposition and are site-specific for the transposon/transposable element.
GOC:bm
ISBN:0198506732
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell.
MIPS_funcat:16.07
molecular_function
GO:0005198
structural molecule activity
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell.
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
GO:0005478
EC:7
Reactome:R-HSA-168313
Reactome:R-HSA-178215
molecular_function
carrier
GO:0005215
Some transporters, such as certain members of the SLC family, are referred to as 'carriers'; however GO uses carrier with a different meaning: a carrier binds to and transports the substance (see GO:0140104 molecular carrier activity), whereas a transporter forms some pore that allows the passing of molecules.
transporter activity
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
GOC:ai
GOC:dgf
Reactome:R-HSA-168313
Virion-associated M2 protein mediated ion infusion
Reactome:R-HSA-178215
SMAD7:SMURF1 complex is exported to the cytosol
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Wikipedia:Binding_(molecular)
ligand
molecular_function
GO:0005488
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct, manual gene product annotation. Please choose a more specific child term, or request a new one if no suitable term is available. For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and its children.
binding
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
GOC:ceb
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198506732
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
molecular_function
GO:0005496
steroid binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
GO:0001948
GO:0045308
MIPS_funcat:16.01
MIPS_funcat:18.01.07
Reactome:R-HSA-170835
Reactome:R-HSA-170846
protein amino acid binding
glycoprotein binding
molecular_function
GO:0005515
protein binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
GOC:go_curators
Reactome:R-HSA-170835
An anchoring protein, ZFYVE9 (SARA), recruits SMAD2/3
Reactome:R-HSA-170846
TGFBR2 recruits TGFBR1
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.
molecular_function
GO:0005549
odorant binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0721662544
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
GO:0008372
NIF_Subcellular:sao-1337158144
NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144
cell or subcellular entity
cellular component
cellular_component
subcellular entity
GO:0005575
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code "no data" (ND), is used to indicate this.
cellular_component
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
GOC:pdt
NIF_Subcellular:sao-1337158144
subcellular entity
NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100315
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
MIPS_funcat:70.27
Wikipedia:Extracellular
extracellular
cellular_component
GO:0005576
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'.
extracellular region
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
GOC:go_curators
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.
MIPS_funcat:42.27.03
MIPS_funcat:70.01
Wikipedia:Cell_wall
cellular_component
GO:0005618
cell wall
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.
GOC:giardia
ISBN:0198547684
PMID:15134259
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cyst
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
MIPS_funcat:70.10
NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020
Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus
cell nucleus
horsetail nucleus
cellular_component
GO:0005634
nucleus
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
GOC:go_curators
horsetail nucleus
GOC:al
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
PMID:15030757
Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.
GO:0005644
NIF_Subcellular:sao220861693
Wikipedia:Nuclear_pore
NPC
nuclear pore complex
nucleopore
nuclear pore membrane protein
cellular_component
GO:0005643
nuclear pore
Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.
ISBN:0198547684
nucleopore
GOC:al
PMID:7603572
A complex that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. In eukaryotes the complex consists of five polypeptides.
RFC complex
activator 1 complex
cellular_component
GO:0005663
DNA replication factor C complex
A complex that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. In eukaryotes the complex consists of five polypeptides.
PMID:14614842
PMID:14646196
PMID:16172520
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.
cellular_component
GO:0005667
transcription factor complex
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.
GOC:jl
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.
spliceosome
Wikipedia:Spliceosome
spliceosome complex
cellular_component
GO:0005681
spliceosomal complex
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.
GOC:editors
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198547684
PMID:19239890
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
MIPS_funcat:70.10.03
Wikipedia:Chromosome
interphase chromosome
prophase chromosome
cellular_component
chromatid
GO:0005694
Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
chromosome
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
ISBN:0198547684
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits.
cellular_component
GO:0005697
telomerase holoenzyme complex
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits.
PMID:11884619
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
MIPS_funcat:70.10.07
NIF_Subcellular:sao1820400233
Wikipedia:Nucleolus
cellular_component
GO:0005730
nucleolus
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
ISBN:0198506732
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) family and associated proteins. Most are involved in a step of processing of rRNA: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation. The majority, though not all, fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type.
small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein
snoRNP
cellular_component
GO:0005732
Note that 'nucleolar' in the term name is part of the RNA family designation 'small nucleolar', and does not necessarily reflect the location of the complex.
small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) family and associated proteins. Most are involved in a step of processing of rRNA: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation. The majority, though not all, fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type.
GOC:krc
GOC:mah
ISBN:0879695897
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
MIPS_funcat:70.03
Wikipedia:Cytoplasm
cellular_component
GO:0005737
cytoplasm
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
ISBN:0198547684
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
MIPS_funcat:70.16
NIF_Subcellular:sao1860313010
Wikipedia:Mitochondrion
mitochondria
cellular_component
GO:0005739
Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 'mitosome' or GO:0042566 'hydrogenosome'. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.)
mitochondrion
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
GOC:giardia
ISBN:0198506732
The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that typically transports proteins that possess a matrix-targeting N-terminal presequence. The TIM23 complex contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor.
mitochondrial inner membrane translocase complex
Tim23 complex
mitochondrial inner membrane pre-sequence translocase complex
mitochondrial inner membrane presequence translocase complex
cellular_component
GO:0005744
See also the cellular component term 'mitochondrial inner membrane ; GO:0005743'.
TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex
The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that typically transports proteins that possess a matrix-targeting N-terminal presequence. The TIM23 complex contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor.
EC:3.6.3.51
PMID:27554484
PMID:8851659
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
MIPS_funcat:70.22
NIF_Subcellular:sao1720343330
Wikipedia:Endosome
cellular_component
GO:0005768
endosome
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
ISBN:0198506732
PMID:19696797
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
MIPS_funcat:70.25
Wikipedia:Vacuole
cellular_component
vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y
GO:0005773
vacuole
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
GOC:mtg_sensu
ISBN:0198506732
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
MIPS_funcat:70.07
NIF_Subcellular:sao1036339110
Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum
ER
cellular_component
GO:0005783
endoplasmic reticulum
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
ISBN:0198506732
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
Golgi
MIPS_funcat:70.08
NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436
Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus
Golgi complex
Golgi ribbon
cellular_component
GO:0005794
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
Golgi apparatus
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
ISBN:0198506732
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.
MIPS_funcat:70.05
Wikipedia:Centrosome
cellular_component
GO:0005813
centrosome
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198547684
A multienzyme complex that catalyses the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA.
GO:0031373
GO:0031374
Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_synthetase_complex
FAS complex
cytosolic FAS complex
cytosolic fatty acid synthase complex
cytosolic type I FAS complex
cytosolic type I fatty acid synthase complex
fatty acid synthetase complex
cellular_component
holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase complex
GO:0005835
fatty acid synthase complex
A multienzyme complex that catalyses the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA.
GOC:pde
GOC:sgd_curators
ISBN:0716746840
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
GO:0033279
NIF_Subcellular:sao1429207766
Wikipedia:Ribosome
free ribosome
membrane bound ribosome
cellular_component
ribosomal RNA
GO:0005840
ribosome
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
ISBN:0198506732
free ribosome
NIF_Subcellular:sao1139385046
membrane bound ribosome
NIF_Subcellular:sao1291545653
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.
NIF_Subcellular:sao1038025871
Wikipedia:Polysome
polyribosome
cellular_component
GO:0005844
polysome
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.
ISBN:0198506732
NIF_Subcellular:sao1038025871
polyribosome
NIF_Subcellular:sao1038025871
Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules.
cellular_component
GO:0005849
mRNA cleavage factor complex
Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules.
GOC:mah
PMID:10357856
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
MIPS_funcat:70.04
Wikipedia:Cytoskeleton
cellular_component
GO:0005856
cytoskeleton
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198547684
PMID:16959967
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.
voltage gated calcium channel complex
voltage-dependent calcium channel complex
voltage-sensitive calcium channel complex
cellular_component
GO:0005891
voltage-gated calcium channel complex
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.
GOC:mah
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.
NIF_Subcellular:sao671419673
Wikipedia:Microvillus
cellular_component
microvilli
GO:0005902
Note that this term refers to a projection from a single cell, and should not be confused with 'microvillus' as used to refer to a multicellular structure such as that found in the placenta.
microvillus
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.
ISBN:0815316194
microvilli
NIF_Subcellular:sao671419673
The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of a epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.
Wikipedia:Brush_border
cellular_component
GO:0005903
brush border
The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of a epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.
GOC:sl
ISBN:0815316194
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.
GO:0072372
FMA:67181
NIF_Subcellular:sao787716553
Wikipedia:Cilium
eukaryotic flagellum
microtubule-based flagellum
primary cilium
cellular_component
flagellum
GO:0005929
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms.
cilium
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.
GOC:cilia
GOC:curators
GOC:kmv
GOC:vw
ISBN:0198547684
PMID:16824949
PMID:17009929
PMID:20144998
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
GO:0035085
GO:0035086
Wikipedia:Axoneme
ciliary axoneme
cilium axoneme
flagellar axoneme
flagellum axoneme
cellular_component
GO:0005930
Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane.
axoneme
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
GOC:bf
GOC:cilia
ISBN:0198547684
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.
MIPS_funcat:70.29
cellular_component
GO:0005933
cellular bud
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.
GOC:sgd_curators
The projection formed by unicellular fungi in response to mating pheromone.
conjugation tube
shmoo
cellular_component
GO:0005937
mating projection
The projection formed by unicellular fungi in response to mating pheromone.
GOC:mcc
A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.
1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex
PI3K complex
phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex
PI3-kinase p85-subunit alpha- PI3-kinase p110 complex
PIK3C3-PIK3R4 complex
PIK3CA-PIK3R1 complex
cellular_component
GO:0005942
For discussion of membrane association, please see https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/11559/
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex
A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.
GOC:bf
PMID:24587488
phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex
GOC:curators
PI3-kinase p85-subunit alpha- PI3-kinase p110 complex
CORUM:2575
PIK3C3-PIK3R4 complex
CORUM:429
PIK3CA-PIK3R1 complex
CORUM:439
A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T.
GO:0005961
GO:0070015
Wikipedia:Glycine_decarboxylase_complex
glycine cleavage system
glycine decarboxylase complex
glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) complex
glycine synthase complex
cellular_component
glycine dehydrogenase complex (decarboxylating)
GO:0005960
glycine cleavage complex
A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T.
GOC:mah
MetaCyc:GCVMULTI-CPLX
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
janelomax
2012-10-23T15:40:34Z
GO:0044261
GO:0044723
MIPS_funcat:01.05
Wikipedia:Carbohydrate_metabolism
carbohydrate metabolism
multicellular organismal carbohydrate metabolic process
biological_process
single-organism carbohydrate metabolic process
GO:0005975
carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
GO:0044263
polysaccharide metabolism
glycan metabolic process
glycan metabolism
multicellular organismal polysaccharide metabolic process
biological_process
GO:0005976
polysaccharide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
CHEBI:18154
ISBN:0198547684
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
alcohol metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006066
alcohol metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
CHEBI:30879
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.
MIPS_funcat:01.20.05.03
aldehyde metabolism
alkanal metabolic process
alkanal metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006081
cellular aldehyde metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.
GOC:go_curators
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
organic acid metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006082
organic acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
energy pathways
MIPS_funcat:02.45.15
biological_process
intermediary metabolism
metabolic energy generation
GO:0006091
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
GOC:jl
intermediary metabolism
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.
MIPS_funcat:02.19
energy reserve metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006112
energy reserve metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.
GOC:mah
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
MIPS_funcat:02.16
MetaCyc:FERMENTATION-PWY
Wikipedia:Fermentation_(biochemistry)
biological_process
GO:0006113
fermentation
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
GOC:curators
ISBN:0201090910
MetaCyc:Fermentation
The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
Wikipedia:Oxidative_phosphorylation
respiratory-chain phosphorylation
biological_process
GO:0006119
oxidative phosphorylation
The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
ISBN:0198506732
ISBN:0471331309
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
GO:0055134
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
biological_process
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
GO:0006139
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
GOC:ai
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
GO:0055132
MIPS_funcat:10
MIPS_funcat:10.01
DNA metabolism
cellular DNA metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006259
DNA metabolic process
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
ISBN:0198506732
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
GO:0055133
MIPS_funcat:10.01.03
Wikipedia:DNA_replication
biological_process
GO:0006260
DNA biosynthesis is only part of this process. See also the biological process terms 'DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261' and 'RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278'.
DNA replication
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
GOC:mah
The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
biological_process
GO:0006266
DNA ligation
The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
ISBN:0815316194
The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.
biological_process
GO:0006276
plasmid maintenance
The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.
GOC:ai
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
MIPS_funcat:10.01.05
MIPS_funcat:10.01.05.01
Wikipedia:DNA_repair
biological_process
GO:0006281
DNA repair
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
PMID:11563486
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.
MIPS_funcat:10.01.09
biological_process
GO:0006304
DNA modification
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.
GOC:jl
GOC:ma
Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
DNA condensation
DNA organisation
DNA organization
biological_process
GO:0006323
DNA packaging
Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0815316194
DNA organisation
GOC:curators
DNA organization
GOC:curators
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
GO:0006350
GO:0061018
GO:0061022
cellular transcription
transcription
MIPS_funcat:11.02
Wikipedia:Transcription_(genetics)
DNA-dependent transcription
cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription, DNA-dependent
biological_process
transcription regulator activity
GO:0006351
transcription, DNA-templated
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
GOC:jl
GOC:txnOH
transcription, DNA-dependent
GOC:txnOH
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.
RNA elongation
MIPS_funcat:11.02.03.01.04
DNA-dependent transcription, elongation
transcription elongation, DNA-dependent
transcriptional elongation, DNA-dependent
biological_process
GO:0006354
DNA-templated transcription, elongation
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.
GOC:mah
GOC:txnOH
PMID:15020047
PMID:18280161
DNA-dependent transcription, elongation
GOC:txnOH
transcription elongation, DNA-dependent
GOC:jh2
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.
GO:0006394
MIPS_funcat:11.04
Wikipedia:Post-transcriptional_modification
biological_process
GO:0006396
RNA processing
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.
GOC:mah
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
GO:0006416
GO:0006453
GO:0043037
MIPS_funcat:12
Wikipedia:Translation_(genetics)
protein anabolism
protein biosynthesis
protein biosynthetic process
protein formation
protein synthesis
protein translation
biological_process
GO:0006412
translation
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
GOC:go_curators
protein biosynthetic process
GOC:curators
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
GO:0007022
GO:0007024
GO:0007025
MIPS_funcat:14
MIPS_funcat:14.01
Wikipedia:Protein_folding
alpha-tubulin folding
beta-tubulin folding
chaperonin-mediated tubulin folding
biological_process
chaperone activity
chaperonin ATPase activity
co-chaperone activity
co-chaperonin activity
glycoprotein-specific chaperone activity
non-chaperonin molecular chaperone ATPase activity
protein complex assembly, multichaperone pathway
GO:0006457
protein folding
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
GOC:go_curators
GOC:rb
alpha-tubulin folding
GOC:mah
beta-tubulin folding
GOC:mah
chaperonin-mediated tubulin folding
GOC:mah
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
protein modification process
MIPS_funcat:14
MIPS_funcat:14.07
MIPS_funcat:18.01.01
biological_process
process resulting in protein modification
protein tagging activity
GO:0006464
cellular protein modification process
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
GOC:go_curators
protein modification process
GOC:bf
GOC:jl
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
Wikipedia:Proteolysis
peptidolysis
ATP-dependent proteolysis
biological_process
GO:0006508
This term was intentionally placed under 'protein metabolic process ; GO:0019538' rather than 'protein catabolic process ; GO:0030163' to cover all processes centered on breaking peptide bonds, including those involved in protein processing.
proteolysis
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
GOC:bf
GOC:mah
ATP-dependent proteolysis
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
peptide metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006518
peptide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
CHEBI:16670
GOC:go_curators
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.
GO:0006519
MIPS_funcat:01.01
amino acid and derivative metabolism
amino acid metabolic process
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
cellular amino acid metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006520
cellular amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.
CHEBI:33709
GOC:curators
ISBN:0198506732
amino acid and derivative metabolism
GOC:curators
amino acid metabolic process
GOC:curators
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
MIPS_funcat:01.06
Wikipedia:Lipid_metabolism
lipid metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006629
lipid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
GOC:ma
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
glycerol ether metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006662
glycerol ether metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
GOC:ai
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
aromatic compound metabolism
aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic process
aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006725
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
GOC:ai
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.
GO:0019753
GO:0019754
MIPS_funcat:01.05
UM-BBD_pathwayID:C1cyc
one carbon metabolic process
one carbon metabolism
one-carbon metabolism
one-carbon transfer metabolic process
one-carbon transfer metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006730
one-carbon metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.
GOC:hjd
GOC:mah
GOC:pde
one carbon metabolic process
GOC:mah
one carbon metabolism
GOC:mah
one-carbon metabolism
GOC:mah
one-carbon transfer metabolic process
GOC:mah
one-carbon transfer metabolism
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
MIPS_funcat:01.07
vitamin metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006766
vitamin metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
MIPS_funcat:01.02
Wikipedia:Sulfur_metabolism
sulfur metabolism
sulphur metabolic process
sulphur metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006790
sulfur compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
phosphorus metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006793
phosphorus metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide.
Wikipedia:Xenobiotic_metabolism
xenobiotic metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006805
xenobiotic metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide.
GOC:cab2
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.
MIPS_funcat:01.02
nitrogen compound metabolism
biological_process
GO:0006807
nitrogen compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.
CHEBI:51143
GOC:go_curators
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein.
janelomax
2012-12-13T16:25:32Z
GO:0015457
GO:0015460
GO:0044765
MIPS_funcat:20
small molecule transport
solute:solute exchange
biological_process
single-organism transport
GO:0006810
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport.
transport
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein.
GOC:dos
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
MIPS_funcat:20.01.01
biological_process
GO:0006811
ion transport
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
MIPS_funcat:20.01.26
sodium:neurotransmitter transport
biological_process
GO:0006836
neurotransmitter transport
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GO:0006866
MIPS_funcat:20.01.07
biological_process
GO:0006865
amino acid transport
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
MIPS_funcat:20.01.13
biological_process
GO:0006869
lipid transport
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
ISBN:0198506732
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.
GO:0016238
Wikipedia:Autophagy_(cellular)
biological_process
GO:0006914
autophagy
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.
GOC:autophagy
ISBN:0198547684
PMID:11099404
PMID:9412464
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore.
MIPS_funcat:02.45.11
MIPS_funcat:34.05
cellular component motion
cellular component movement
biological_process
cell movement
GO:0006928
Note that in GO cellular components include whole cells (cell is_a cellular component).
movement of cell or subcellular component
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore.
GOC:dgh
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mlg
cellular component motion
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
MIPS_funcat:36.25.09
Wikipedia:Muscle_contraction
biological_process
GO:0006936
muscle contraction
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
GOC:ef
GOC:mtg_muscle
ISBN:0198506732
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
biological_process
GO:0006949
syncytium formation
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
ISBN:0198506732
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
jl
2013-12-19T15:25:51Z
GO:1902589
organelle organisation
single organism organelle organization
biological_process
organelle organization and biogenesis
single-organism organelle organization
GO:0006996
organelle organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
GOC:mah
organelle organisation
GOC:curators
single organism organelle organization
GOC:TermGenie
organelle organization and biogenesis
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
GO:0048287
MIPS_funcat:42.10
nuclear organisation
nuclear organization
biological_process
nuclear morphology
nuclear organization and biogenesis
nucleus organization and biogenesis
GO:0006997
nucleus organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
GOC:dph
GOC:ems
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
nuclear organisation
GOC:curators
nuclear organization
GOC:curators
nuclear organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
nucleus organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
MIPS_funcat:42.16
mitochondria organization
mitochondrion organisation
biological_process
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
GO:0007005
mitochondrion organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
GOC:sgd_curators
PMID:9786946
mitochondria organization
GOC:mah
mitochondrion organisation
GOC:mah
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
GOC:curators
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
MIPS_funcat:42.03
cytoplasm organisation
biological_process
cytoplasm organization and biogenesis
GO:0007028
cytoplasm organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
GOC:curators
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
cytoplasm organisation
GOC:curators
cytoplasm organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.
MIPS_funcat:42.07
ER organisation
endoplasmic reticulum organisation
biological_process
ER organization and biogenesis
endoplasmic reticulum morphology
endoplasmic reticulum organization and biogenesis
GO:0007029
endoplasmic reticulum organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
ER organisation
GOC:curators
endoplasmic reticulum organisation
GOC:curators
ER organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
endoplasmic reticulum organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
MIPS_funcat:42.08
Golgi organisation
biological_process
Golgi organization and biogenesis
GO:0007030
Golgi organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
Golgi organisation
GOC:curators
Golgi organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
MIPS_funcat:42.19
peroxisome organisation
biological_process
peroxisome organization and biogenesis
peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity
GO:0007031
peroxisome organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
GOC:mah
peroxisome organisation
GOC:curators
peroxisome organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.
MIPS_funcat:42.22
endosome organisation
biological_process
endosome organization and biogenesis
GO:0007032
endosome organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
endosome organisation
GOC:curators
endosome organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
GO:0044086
MIPS_funcat:42.25
vacuole organisation
vacuolar assembly
biological_process
vacuole biogenesis
vacuole organization and biogenesis
GO:0007033
vacuole organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
GOC:mah
vacuole organisation
GOC:curators
vacuolar assembly
GOC:mah
vacuole biogenesis
GOC:mah
vacuole organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
MIPS_funcat:10
MIPS_funcat:10.03
Wikipedia:Cell_cycle
cell-division cycle
biological_process
GO:0007049
cell cycle
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
GOC:go_curators
GOC:mtg_cell_cycle
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
MIPS_funcat:10.03.04
MIPS_funcat:10.03.04.05
Wikipedia:Chromosome_segregation
chromosome division
biological_process
chromosome transmission
GO:0007059
chromosome segregation
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
GOC:mtg_cell_cycle
GOC:vw
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Wikipedia:Cell_signaling
biological_process
GO:0007154
cell communication
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
GOC:mah
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
davidos
2014-04-15T15:59:10Z
GO:0098602
MIPS_funcat:34.07
Wikipedia:Cell_adhesion
biological_process
cell adhesion molecule activity
single organism cell adhesion
GO:0007155
cell adhesion
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
GOC:hb
GOC:pf
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
MIPS_funcat:36.03
Wikipedia:Digestion
biological_process
GO:0007586
digestion
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
GOC:isa_complete
ISBN:0198506732
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
MIPS_funcat:36.05
Wikipedia:Excretion
biological_process
GO:0007588
excretion
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
ISBN:0192801023
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
GO:0070261
MIPS_funcat:36.07.07
biological_process
hemolymph circulation
GO:0008015
blood circulation
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
GOC:mtg_heart
ISBN:0192800825
Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.
cellular_component
GO:0008023
transcription elongation factor complex
Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.
GOC:jl
The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.
recognition of surroundings by cell
biological_process
GO:0008037
cell recognition
The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.
GOC:go_curators
recognition of surroundings by cell
GOC:curators
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a drug, any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease.
molecular_function
GO:0008144
drug binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a drug, any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
janelomax
2012-09-19T15:05:24Z
GO:0000004
GO:0007582
GO:0044699
Wikipedia:Biological_process
biological process
physiological process
biological_process
single organism process
single-organism process
GO:0008150
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code "no data" (ND), is used to indicate this.
biological_process
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
GOC:pdt
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
janelomax
2012-10-17T15:46:40Z
GO:0044236
GO:0044710
MIPS_funcat:01
Wikipedia:Metabolism
metabolism
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
metabolism resulting in cell growth
multicellular organism metabolic process
biological_process
single-organism metabolic process
GO:0008152
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
GOC:go_curators
ISBN:0198547684
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
EC:3.4
Reactome:R-HSA-205112
Reactome:R-HSA-3000243
Reactome:R-HSA-3139027
Reactome:R-HSA-376149
Reactome:R-HSA-448678
Reactome:R-HSA-5655483
Reactome:R-HSA-5684864
Reactome:R-HSA-5685902
Reactome:R-HSA-5693319
hydrolase, acting on peptide bonds
peptide hydrolase activity
protease activity
proteinase activity
molecular_function
GO:0008233
peptidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0815332181
Reactome:R-HSA-205112
gamma-secretase cleaves p75NTR, releasing NRIF and TRAF6
Reactome:R-HSA-3000243
Unknown protease degrades GIF:Cbl to release Cbl
Reactome:R-HSA-3139027
Maturation of HIV Virion
Reactome:R-HSA-376149
Proteolytic processing of SLIT
Reactome:R-HSA-448678
CTSG cleaves CASP1(1-404)
Reactome:R-HSA-5655483
USP1 autocleavage
Reactome:R-HSA-5684864
NAPSA, CTSH, PGA3-5 cleave pro-SFTPB
Reactome:R-HSA-5685902
NAPSA, CTSH, PGA3-5 cleave pro-SFTPC
Reactome:R-HSA-5693319
CTRC hydrolyses PRSS1
A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).
GO:0008279
GO:0008280
GO:0043222
SMC/kleisin ring complex
14S cohesin
9S cohesin
Smc1-Smc3 complex
cellular_component
SMC complex
cohesin core heterodimer
GO:0008278
cohesin complex
A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).
GOC:jl
GOC:sp
GOC:vw
PMID:9887095
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
biological_process
cell proliferation
GO:0008283
This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms.
cell population proliferation
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
GOC:mah
GOC:mb
A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein.
cellular_component
GO:0008287
protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein.
GOC:bf
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid.
MIPS_funcat:16.09
molecular_function
GO:0008289
lipid binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid.
GOC:ai
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments.
cellular_component
GO:0008290
F-actin capping protein complex
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments.
GOC:go_curators
ISBN:0198599560
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
GO:0008642
small protein activating enzyme activity
molecular_function
GO:0008641
Discussion of class label in this ticket: https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14208
ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme activity
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
GO:0006861
GO:0008644
MIPS_funcat:20.01.03
sugar transport
biological_process
GO:0008643
carbohydrate transport
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
GOC:ai
Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
biological_process
pyrimidine salvage
GO:0008655
pyrimidine-containing compound salvage
Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
CHEBI:39447
GOC:jl
pyrimidine salvage
GOC:curators
Catalysis of the integration of one segment of DNA into another.
Reactome:R-HSA-164523
molecular_function
GO:0008907
integrase activity
Catalysis of the integration of one segment of DNA into another.
GOC:mah
Reactome:R-HSA-164523
Transesterification to connect viral DNA 3' ends to host DNA 5' ends
Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences.
molecular_function
GO:0009009
Note that this term is not a child of 'recombinase activity ; GO:0000150' because the latter represents activities that do not break or form phosphodiester bonds.
site-specific recombinase activity
Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences.
GOC:elh
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
GO:0009053
GO:0009054
Reactome:R-HSA-1362408
Reactome:R-HSA-169260
Reactome:R-HSA-2564826
electron acceptor activity
electron donor activity
molecular_function
electron carrier
electron transporter activity
GO:0009055
electron transfer activity
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-1362408
FXN:NFS1:ISD11:ISCU assembles 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster
Reactome:R-HSA-169260
Reducing equivalents from beta-oxidation of fatty acids transfer to ETF
Reactome:R-HSA-2564826
4Fe-4S cluster assembles on NUBP2:NUBP1 scaffold
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
GO:0043285
GO:0044266
biopolymer catabolic process
macromolecule breakdown
macromolecule catabolism
macromolecule degradation
multicellular organismal macromolecule catabolic process
biological_process
GO:0009057
macromolecule catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
CHEBI:33694
GOC:mah
biopolymer catabolic process
GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
GO:0043284
biopolymer biosynthetic process
macromolecule anabolism
macromolecule biosynthesis
macromolecule formation
macromolecule synthesis
biological_process
GO:0009059
macromolecule biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
CHEBI:33694
GOC:mah
biopolymer biosynthetic process
GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).
nucleoside metabolism
biological_process
GO:0009116
nucleoside metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).
GOC:ma
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
MIPS_funcat:01.03
nucleotide metabolism
biological_process
GO:0009117
nucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
GOC:ma
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
nucleotide-sugar metabolism
biological_process
GO:0009225
Added parent as requested here https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14587
nucleotide-sugar metabolic process
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
ISBN:0198506732
A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
flagellin-based flagellum
cellular_component
GO:0009288
bacterial-type flagellum
A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
GOC:cilia
GOC:jh2
GOC:krc
GOC:mtg_sensu
PMID:7787060
http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum#Bacterial
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
MIPS_funcat:70.33
Wikipedia:Pilus
fimbria
fimbriae
fimbrium
pili
cellular_component
GO:0009289
pilus
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
GOC:pamgo_curators
In the absence of a sexual life cycle, the process involved in the introduction of genetic information to create a genetically different individual.
genetic exchange
biological_process
GO:0009292
GO:0009292 should not be used for annotation of phage lysogeny (integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome).
genetic transfer
In the absence of a sexual life cycle, the process involved in the introduction of genetic information to create a genetically different individual.
GOC:clt
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
amine metabolism
biological_process
GO:0009308
amine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex.
ACCase complex
cellular_component
GO:0009317
acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex
A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex.
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
PMID:12121720
A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form.
cellular_component
GO:0009368
endopeptidase Clp complex
A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form.
GOC:mah
PMID:11352464
The process in which single-celled organisms monitor their population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules produced by the cells themselves.
MIPS_funcat:34.11.03.15
Wikipedia:Quorum_sensing
quorum sensing system
biological_process
GO:0009372
quorum sensing
The process in which single-celled organisms monitor their population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules produced by the cells themselves.
PMID:15716452
PMID:8288518
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
toxin metabolism
biological_process
GO:0009404
toxin metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
GOC:cab2
A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species.
GO:0030090
Wikipedia:Photosystem
reaction center
reaction centre
cellular_component
GO:0009521
photosystem
A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species.
GOC:ds
GOC:mah
ISBN:0140514031
PMID:9821949
Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
MIPS_funcat:70.26
Wikipedia:Plastid
cellular_component
GO:0009536
plastid
Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198547684
A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.
Wikipedia:Thylakoid
cellular_component
photosynthetic membrane
GO:0009579
A thylakoid is not considered an organelle, but some thylakoids are part of organelles.
thylakoid
A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.
GOC:ds
GOC:mtg_sensu
ISBN:0198506732
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plastid.
MIPS_funcat:42.26
plastid organisation
biological_process
plastid organization and biogenesis
GO:0009657
plastid organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plastid.
GOC:mah
plastid organisation
GOC:curators
plastid organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0009914
hormone transport
The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:tb
Catalysis of a ring closure reaction.
molecular_function
GO:0009975
cyclase activity
Catalysis of a ring closure reaction.
ISBN:0198547684
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
GO:0009928
GO:0009929
cell associated
cell bound
cellular_component
GO:0009986
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are attached (integrated or loosely bound) to the plasma membrane or cell wall.
cell surface
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
GOC:jl
GOC:mtg_sensu
GOC:sm
The process of opening or closing of stomata, which is directly related to the stomatal conductance (measuring rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide (CO2) through stomata).
biological_process
GO:0010118
stomatal movement
The process of opening or closing of stomata, which is directly related to the stomatal conductance (measuring rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide (CO2) through stomata).
GOC:sm
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
mucilage metabolism
biological_process
GO:0010191
mucilage metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
GOC:sm
Heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate into D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
cellular_component
PFK complex
GO:0010316
pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex
Heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate into D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
PMID:2170409
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GO:0015831
MIPS_funcat:14
MIPS_funcat:14.04
MIPS_funcat:20.01.10
enzyme transport
biological_process
GO:0015031
protein transport
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The process in which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.
MIPS_funcat:10.01.05.03.05
biological_process
GO:0015074
DNA integration
The process in which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.
GOC:mah
The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0015669
gas transport
The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of polyols, any polyhydric alcohol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0015791
polyol transport
The directed movement of polyols, any polyhydric alcohol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
MIPS_funcat:20.01.09
biological_process
GO:0015833
peptide transport
The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
murein transport
biological_process
GO:0015835
peptidoglycan transport
The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
MIPS_funcat:20.01.11
biological_process
amine/polyamine transport
GO:0015837
amine transport
The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
ISBN:0198506732
The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0015849
organic acid transport
The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
ISBN:0198506732
The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GO:0015892
iron-siderophore transport
siderophore-iron transport
iron-siderochrome transport
siderochrome transport
biological_process
GO:0015891
siderophore transport
The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
MIPS_funcat:20.01.27
biological_process
GO:0015893
drug transport
The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
LPS transport
biological_process
GO:0015920
lipopolysaccharide transport
The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
GO:0015931
nucleobase-containing compound transport
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome.
ribosomal small subunit
cellular_component
GO:0015935
small ribosomal subunit
The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome.
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes.
MIPS_funcat:02.16.15
UM-BBD_pathwayID:meth
Wikipedia:Methanogenesis
methane biosynthesis
methane biosynthetic process
biological_process
GO:0015948
methanogenesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes.
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.
MetaCyc:P1-PWY
biological_process
GO:0015949
nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0306444747
ISBN:0471394831
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbon sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbon source and to transport and metabolize alternative carbon sources such as carbon dioxide or carbonic acid. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbon levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbon-containing substances, and ends when carbon is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
GO:0015978
MIPS_funcat:01.05.01
Wikipedia:Heterotroph
carbon utilization by utilization of organic compounds
heterotrophy
biological_process
GO:0015976
carbon utilization
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbon sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbon source and to transport and metabolize alternative carbon sources such as carbon dioxide or carbonic acid. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbon levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbon-containing substances, and ends when carbon is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
GOC:mah
GOC:mlg
carbon utilization by utilization of organic compounds
GOC:mah
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds.
MIPS_funcat:02.30
Wikipedia:Photosynthesis
biological_process
GO:0015979
photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds.
ISBN:0198547684
A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase.
DGC
dystrophin glycoprotein complex
cellular_component
GO:0016010
dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex
A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase.
PMID:15117830
PMID:16710609
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
Wikipedia:Biological_membrane
cellular_component
GO:0016020
membrane
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
GOC:dos
GOC:mah
ISBN:0815316194
The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction.
cellular_component
GO:0016028
rhabdomere
The specialized microvilli-containing organelle on the apical surfaces of a photoreceptor cell containing the visual pigment rhodopsin and most of the proteins involved in phototransduction.
GOC:hb
GOC:sart
PMID:8646774
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
GO:0022415
Wikipedia:Viral_life_cycle
virus process
biological_process
viral infection
virulence
GO:0016032
See also the biological process terms 'viral infectious cycle ; GO:0019058' and 'lysogeny ; GO:0030069'.
viral process
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
GOC:bf
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
virus process
GOC:bf
GOC:jl
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
GO:0044235
GO:0071842
MIPS_funcat:42
cell organisation
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
biological_process
cell organization and biogenesis
GO:0016043
cellular component organization
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
GOC:ai
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
cellular component organisation at cellular level
GOC:mah
cellular component organisation in other organism
GOC:mah
cell organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
GO:0048591
MIPS_funcat:40.01
cellular growth
growth of cell
biological_process
cell expansion
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
metabolism resulting in cell growth
non-developmental cell growth
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
GO:0016049
cell growth
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
GOC:ai
non-developmental cell growth
GOC:mah
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
vesicle organisation
biological_process
vesicle organization and biogenesis
GO:0016050
vesicle organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
GOC:mah
vesicle organisation
GOC:curators
vesicle organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
RNA metabolism
biological_process
GO:0016070
RNA metabolic process
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
ISBN:0198506732
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
GO:0006899
MIPS_funcat:20.09.07
vesicle transport
vesicular transport
nonselective vesicle transport
biological_process
protein sorting along secretory pathway
vesicle trafficking
GO:0016192
vesicle-mediated transport
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
GOC:ai
GOC:mah
ISBN:08789310662000
vesicular transport
GOC:mah
Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.
molecular_function
GO:0016209
antioxidant activity
Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.
ISBN:0198506732
Any process carried out at the cellular level that results in either long-term transcriptional repression via action on chromatin structure or RNA mediated, post-transcriptional repression of gene expression.
Wikipedia:Gene_silencing
long-term maintenance of gene inactivation
biological_process
GO:0016458
This is a rather broad grouping term. While it was originally defined for long-term, heritable, epigenetic effects, short term effects on expression mediated by RNA are also frequently referred to as gene silencing, and are grouped under this class.
gene silencing
Any process carried out at the cellular level that results in either long-term transcriptional repression via action on chromatin structure or RNA mediated, post-transcriptional repression of gene expression.
GOC:dos
GOC:dph
GOC:jid
GOC:tb
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.
hydrogen-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
cellular_component
vacuolar hydrogen-transporting ATPase
GO:0016469
proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0716743663
PMID:16691483
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of sodium ions across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0 or V0) that carries out ion transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1 or V1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis.
sodium-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
cellular_component
GO:0016472
sodium ion-transporting two-sector ATPase complex
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of sodium ions across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0 or V0) that carries out ion transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1 or V1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis.
GOC:mah
PMID:14656431
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
EC:1
Reactome:R-HSA-1614362
Reactome:R-HSA-209921
Reactome:R-HSA-209960
Reactome:R-HSA-3095889
Reactome:R-HSA-390425
Reactome:R-HSA-390438
Reactome:R-HSA-5662660
Reactome:R-HSA-8878581
Reactome:R-HSA-8936442
Reactome:R-HSA-9020249
Reactome:R-HSA-9020260
Reactome:R-HSA-9024624
Reactome:R-HSA-9024630
Reactome:R-HSA-9025007
Reactome:R-HSA-9026001
Reactome:R-HSA-9026917
Reactome:R-HSA-9027033
redox activity
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other substrates
molecular_function
GO:0016491
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.97.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
GOC:go_curators
Reactome:R-HSA-1614362
SUMF1 mediates the oxidation of cysteine to formylglycine, producing active arylsulfatases
Reactome:R-HSA-209921
Monoiodinated tyrosine can be deiodinated
Reactome:R-HSA-209960
Diiodinated tyrosine can be deiodinated
Reactome:R-HSA-3095889
MMACHC reduces Cbl
Reactome:R-HSA-390425
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL
Reactome:R-HSA-390438
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL
Reactome:R-HSA-5662660
Dopachrome is transformed to DHICA by DCT
Reactome:R-HSA-8878581
TYRP1 oxidises DHICA to IQCA
Reactome:R-HSA-8936442
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds
Reactome:R-HSA-9020249
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD6
Reactome:R-HSA-9020260
Hydroperoxy reducatse reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to RvD5
Reactome:R-HSA-9024624
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD6
Reactome:R-HSA-9024630
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD5
Reactome:R-HSA-9025007
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7(S),14(S)-diHp-DHA to 7-epi-MaR1
Reactome:R-HSA-9026001
Hydroperoxy reductase reduces 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3 to RvD5n-3DPA
Reactome:R-HSA-9026917
Lipoxygenase dehydrogenates 7(S),17(S)-diHp-DHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA
Reactome:R-HSA-9027033
Hydroperoxy reducatase reduces 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 14(S)-HDHA
Directly binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.
molecular_function
GO:0016530
metallochaperone activity
Directly binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.
PMID:11739376
A nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex containing an RNA polymerase II core enzyme as well as additional proteins and transcription factor complexes, that are capable of promoter recognition and transcription initiation from an RNA polymerase II promoter in vivo. These additional components may include general transcription factor complexes TFIIA, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, or TFIIH, as well as Mediator, SWI/SNF, GCN5, or SRBs and confer the ability to recognize promoters.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme
cellular_component
GO:0016591
RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme
A nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex containing an RNA polymerase II core enzyme as well as additional proteins and transcription factor complexes, that are capable of promoter recognition and transcription initiation from an RNA polymerase II promoter in vivo. These additional components may include general transcription factor complexes TFIIA, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, or TFIIH, as well as Mediator, SWI/SNF, GCN5, or SRBs and confer the ability to recognize promoters.
GOC:jl
GOC:krc
PMID:16858867
Wikipedia:Rna_polymerase_ii
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
MIPS_funcat:16.11
molecular_function
GO:0016597
amino acid binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
GOC:ai
An enzyme complex composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer, and both are associated with metal ions, which differ between species. Both proteins are required for the enzyme activity of the complex, the formation of oxidized ferredoxin and ammonia from reduced ferredoxin and nitrogen.
cellular_component
GO:0016610
nitrogenase complex
An enzyme complex composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer, and both are associated with metal ions, which differ between species. Both proteins are required for the enzyme activity of the complex, the formation of oxidized ferredoxin and ammonia from reduced ferredoxin and nitrogen.
EC:1.18.6.1
MetaCyc:CPLX-186
MetaCyc:CPLX-525
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
EC:2
Reactome:R-HSA-1483089
Reactome:R-HSA-1483186
Reactome:R-HSA-5668414
Reactome:R-HSA-6787403
Reactome:R-HSA-8868783
molecular_function
GO:0016740
transferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-1483089
PE is converted to PS by PTDSS2
Reactome:R-HSA-1483186
PC is converted to PS by PTDSS1
Reactome:R-HSA-5668414
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
Reactome:R-HSA-6787403
GTPBP3 and MTO1 transform uridine-34 yielding 5-taurinomethyluridine-34 in tRNA
Reactome:R-HSA-8868783
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
EC:3
Reactome:R-HSA-1236938
Reactome:R-HSA-2029475
Reactome:R-HSA-5694583
Reactome:R-HSA-5695964
Reactome:R-HSA-6786190
Reactome:R-HSA-6788295
Reactome:R-HSA-8938314
Reactome:R-HSA-8952137
molecular_function
GO:0016787
hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-1236938
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Reactome:R-HSA-2029475
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Reactome:R-HSA-5694583
ABHD4 hydrolyses NAPE
Reactome:R-HSA-5695964
ABHD14B hydrolyses PNPB
Reactome:R-HSA-6786190
CMBL hydrolyses OM to OLMS
Reactome:R-HSA-6788295
HDHD1:Mg2+ dephosphorylates PURIDP
Reactome:R-HSA-8938314
ENPPs hydrolyse CoA-SH to PPANT, PAP
Reactome:R-HSA-8952137
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
EC:4
Reactome:R-HSA-5696408
Reactome:R-HSA-6782895
other lyase activity
molecular_function
GO:0016829
Note that enzymes of class EC:4.99.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
lyase activity
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
EC:4.-.-.-
ISBN:0198547684
Reactome:R-HSA-5696408
PHYKPL tetramer hydrolyses 5PHL
Reactome:R-HSA-6782895
TYW1:FMN:4Fe-4S transforms 1-methylguanosine yielding yW-187 (4-demethylwyosine) at nucleotide 37 of tRNA(Phe)
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
EC:5
Reactome:R-HSA-6787623
other isomerase activity
molecular_function
GO:0016853
Note that enzymes of class EC:5.99.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
isomerase activity
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
ISBN:0198506732
Reactome:R-HSA-6787623
TSTA3 dimer epimerises GDP-DHDMan to GDP-KDGal
Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
EC:6
synthetase activity
molecular_function
GO:0016874
ligase activity
Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
EC:6
GOC:mah
synthetase activity
GOC:jh2
A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development.
IGF binding protein complex
cellular_component
GO:0016942
insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex
A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development.
GOC:jl
A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.
transcription factor inhibitor complex
cellular_component
GO:0017053
transcriptional repressor complex
A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.
GOC:mah
transcription factor inhibitor complex
GOC:bhm
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease; as used here antibiotic substances (see antibiotic metabolism) are considered to be drugs, even if not used in medical or veterinary practice.
Wikipedia:Drug_metabolism
drug metabolism
biological_process
GO:0017144
drug metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease; as used here antibiotic substances (see antibiotic metabolism) are considered to be drugs, even if not used in medical or veterinary practice.
GOC:cab2
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds.
ether metabolism
organic ether metabolic process
organic ether metabolism
biological_process
GO:0018904
ether metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds.
GOC:pr
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organometals, any metal-containing organic compound, especially one in which the metal atom is linked directly to one of more carbon atoms.
organometal metabolism
biological_process
GO:0018942
organometal metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organometals, any metal-containing organic compound, especially one in which the metal atom is linked directly to one of more carbon atoms.
ISBN:0198506732
The complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle.
Wikipedia:Virus
complete virus particle
cellular_component
GO:0019012
virion
The complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle.
ISBN:0781718325
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.
Reactome:R-HSA-5689000
molecular_function
GO:0019213
deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.
GOC:jl
Reactome:R-HSA-5689000
AADAC deacetylates PHEN
Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing ammonia (NH3).
Reactome:R-HSA-9014641
molecular_function
GO:0019239
deaminase activity
Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing ammonia (NH3).
GOC:jl
Reactome:R-HSA-9014641
HRSP12 deaminates 2AA to 2OBUTA
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
GO:0006411
GO:0044268
Wikipedia:Protein_metabolism
protein metabolic process and modification
protein metabolism
protein metabolism and modification
multicellular organismal protein metabolic process
biological_process
GO:0019538
protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
GOC:ma
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
MIPS_funcat:01.20
Wikipedia:Secondary_metabolism
secondary metabolism
secondary metabolite metabolic process
secondary metabolite metabolism
biological_process
GO:0019748
secondary metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
GOC:go_curators
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y --> Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.
GO:0008639
GO:0008640
Reactome:R-HSA-5678490
Reactome:R-HSA-688137
small conjugating protein transferase activity
small conjugating protein ligase activity
small protein conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like-protein ligase activity
molecular_function
E2
E3
GO:0019787
ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y --> Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.
GOC:mah
GOC:rn
PMID:10806345
PMID:10884686
Reactome:R-HSA-5678490
ATG16L1 complex transfers LC3 from ATG3 to PE
Reactome:R-HSA-688137
RIP2 is K63 polyubiquitinated
small conjugating protein transferase activity
GOC:dph
small conjugating protein ligase activity
GOC:dph
E3
dph:GOC
A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
antibody
cellular_component
GO:0019814
Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.
immunoglobulin complex
A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.
GOC:add
GOC:jl
ISBN:0781765196
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2).
cytochrome P450
molecular_function
cytochrome P450 activity
GO:0019825
oxygen binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2).
GOC:jl
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
molecular_function
GO:0019840
isoprenoid binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
GOC:jl
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
molecular_function
GO:0019842
vitamin binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
GOC:ai
A membrane-bounded organelle found in organisms from the order Kinetoplastida that houses the enzymes of glycolysis.
Wikipedia:Glycosome
cellular_component
GO:0020015
glycosome
A membrane-bounded organelle found in organisms from the order Kinetoplastida that houses the enzymes of glycolysis.
GOC:mb
An electron-dense acidic membrane-bounded organelle which contains a matrix of pyrophosphate and polyphosphates with bound calcium and other cations.
metachromatic granule
volutin granule
cellular_component
polyphosphate vacuole
GO:0020022
acidocalcisome
An electron-dense acidic membrane-bounded organelle which contains a matrix of pyrophosphate and polyphosphates with bound calcium and other cations.
GOC:mb
metachromatic granule
PMID:15738951
volutin granule
PMID:15738951
polyphosphate vacuole
PMID:15738951
The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
membrane docking
biological_process
GO:0022406
membrane docking
The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
GOC:isa_complete
PMID:27875684
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
GO:0071845
cell structure disassembly
cellular component disassembly at cellular level
biological_process
GO:0022411
cellular component disassembly
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
GOC:isa_complete
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
GO:0071844
cell structure assembly
cellular component assembly at cellular level
biological_process
GO:0022607
cellular component assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
GOC:isa_complete
The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate, another cell, or other organism. Biological adhesion includes intracellular attachment between membrane regions.
biological_process
GO:0022610
biological adhesion
The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate, another cell, or other organism. Biological adhesion includes intracellular attachment between membrane regions.
GOC:isa_complete
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Wikipedia:Electron_transport_chain
biological_process
GO:0022900
electron transport chain
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
GOC:mtg_electron_transport
A protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center.
Wikipedia:Light-harvesting_complex
cellular_component
antenna complex
GO:0030076
light-harvesting complex
A protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center.
GOC:lr
A viscous, carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell.
Wikipedia:Glycocalyx
cell capsule
cellular_component
GO:0030112
glycocalyx
A viscous, carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell.
GOC:mlg
ISBN:0815316208
cell capsule
VZ:3896
A crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.
MIPS_funcat:70.34.05
Wikipedia:S-layer
cellular_component
GO:0030115
S-layer
A crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.
GOC:mlg
ISBN:0815108893
Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).
cellular_component
clathrin adaptor
GO:0030119
AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex
Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).
GOC:mah
PMID:10611976
PMID:15473838
Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.
GO:0030028
NIF_Subcellular:sao-1046371754
Wikipedia:Filopodia
cellular_component
GO:0030175
A filopodium may be approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, and up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contain a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward. Note that filopodia on dendritic shafts are distinct from other types of filopodia (even those found in dendritic growth cones) and may react differently to stimuli, as shown in PMID:12904473.
filopodium
Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.
GOC:mah
GOC:pr
ISBN:0815316194
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.
GO:0010576
MIPS_funcat:18.02.01
catalytic regulator activity
enzyme modulator
metalloenzyme regulator activity
molecular_function
GO:0030234
GO:0030234 is reserved for cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme. When regulation of enzyme activity is achieved without enzyme binding, or when the mechanism of regulation is unknown, instead annotate to 'regulation of catalytic activity ; GO:0050790'.
enzyme regulator activity
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.
GOC:dph
GOC:mah
GOC:tb
catalytic regulator activity
GOC:dph
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
GO:0005529
sugar binding
molecular_function
selectin
GO:0030246
carbohydrate binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
CHEBI:16646
GOC:mah
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.
cellular_component
GO:0030312
The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'.
external encapsulating structure
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.
GOC:go_curators
An envelope that surrounds a bacterial cell and includes the cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
MIPS_funcat:70.34
Wikipedia:Cell_envelope
cellular_component
GO:0030313
cell envelope
An envelope that surrounds a bacterial cell and includes the cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
GOC:ds
GOC:mlg
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/cell_envelope.htm
Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.
GO:0000134
GO:0030483
cellular_component
GO:0030427
site of polarized growth
Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.
GOC:mah
A structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.
septum
cross wall
cellular_component
GO:0030428
cell septum
A structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.
GOC:clt
ISBN:0471940526
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.
Wikipedia:Sleep
biological_process
diapause
dormancy
lethargus
GO:0030431
sleep
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.
ISBN:0192800981
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.
Wikipedia:Midbody_(cell_biology)
cellular_component
GO:0030496
midbody
A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.
ISBN:0815316194
A complex composed of RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and protein, found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP or U4/U6 snRNP. Many, but not all, of these complexes are involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs.
Wikipedia:SnRNP
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
snRNP
cellular_component
GO:0030532
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex
A complex composed of RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and protein, found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP or U4/U6 snRNP. Many, but not all, of these complexes are involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs.
GOC:krc
GOC:mah
ISBN:0879695897
A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs.
RNase P complex
cellular_component
GO:0030677
Note that chloroplasts possess a complex that is called 'RNase P' because it catalyzes pre-tRNA cleavage, but the chloroplast complex appears not to contain RNA.
ribonuclease P complex
A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs.
GOC:mah
PMID:12045094
Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis.
cellular_component
GO:0030684
preribosome
Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis.
PMID:10567516
Any of several heterodimers containing one or two Noc proteins, associated with preribosomal complexes; involved in ribosome biogenesis.
cellular_component
GO:0030689
Noc complexes exhibit a dynamic intranuclear location; consider also annotating to 'nucleolus ; GO:0005730' and/or 'nucleoplasm ; GO:0005654'. Note that the definition uses Saccharomyces gene product names because this complex has only been described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and no other names have yet arisen; the term nevertheless can be used for analogous complexes in other eukaryotes, and the definition can be changed if better wording is found.
Noc complex
Any of several heterodimers containing one or two Noc proteins, associated with preribosomal complexes; involved in ribosome biogenesis.
PMID:12446671
Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits.
multisubunit RNA polymerase
cellular_component
GO:0030880
RNA polymerase complex
Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits.
GOC:mah
A multi-component enzymatic machine at the replication fork which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.
Wikipedia:Replisome
cellular_component
DNA synthesome complex
RC complex
replication-competent complex
GO:0030894
replisome
A multi-component enzymatic machine at the replication fork which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
DNA synthesome complex
CORUM:1001
RC complex
CORUM:309
PMID:12006500
replication-competent complex
CORUM:309
PMID:12006500
A conserved hetero-pentameric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. The budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. The mammalian complex shows slight variation in composition compared to yeast, and comprises SNX1 or SNX2, SNX5 or SNX6, VPS26A or VPS26B, VPS29, and VPS35.
cellular_component
GO:0030904
retromer complex
A conserved hetero-pentameric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. The budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. The mammalian complex shows slight variation in composition compared to yeast, and comprises SNX1 or SNX2, SNX5 or SNX6, VPS26A or VPS26B, VPS29, and VPS35.
GOC:bf
PMID:26220253
PMID:27385586
PMID:9700157
Complex that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. In all organisms where it has been found, the complex is a tetramer. In bacteria, it is a homotetramer. In plants, the complex is a heterotetramer composed small and large subunits.
cellular_component
GO:0030929
ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex
Complex that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. In all organisms where it has been found, the complex is a tetramer. In bacteria, it is a homotetramer. In plants, the complex is a heterotetramer composed small and large subunits.
GOC:tb
PMID:9680965
An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyzes the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone.
GO:0030025
GO:0030966
GO:0031675
GO:0031677
GO:0031678
GO:0045280
Wikipedia:NADH_dehydrogenase
Complex I
NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone)
NADH dehydrogenase complex (quinone)
NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)
NADH:plastoquinone reductase complex
plastid NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone)
cellular_component
GO:0030964
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function possessed by this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'NADH dehydrogenase (quinone) activity ; GO:0050136'.
NADH dehydrogenase complex
An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyzes the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone.
GOC:mah
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.
intraflagellar transport complex
intraflagellar transport particle
cellular_component
IFT complex
GO:0030990
Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent.
intraciliary transport particle
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.
GOC:cilia
GOC:kmv
PMID:14570576
PMID:22118932
PMID:23945166
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
GO:0005578
MIPS_funcat:70.27.01
NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513
Wikipedia:Extracellular_matrix
proteinaceous extracellular matrix
matrisome
cellular_component
GO:0031012
extracellular matrix
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
GOC:BHF
GOC:mah
GOC:rph
NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513
PMID:21123617
PMID:28089324
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.
microtubule organising center organisation
biological_process
microtubule organizing center organization and biogenesis
GO:0031023
microtubule organizing center organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
microtubule organising center organisation
GOC:curators
microtubule organizing center organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
A complex that possesses glutamate synthase activity.
cellular_component
GO:0031026
glutamate synthase complex
A complex that possesses glutamate synthase activity.
GOC:mah
The DNA metabolic process in which micronuclear-limited sequences, internal eliminated sequences (IES) and breakage eliminated sequences (BES) are removed from the developing macronucleus (anlage) of a ciliate.
biological_process
GO:0031049
programmed DNA elimination
The DNA metabolic process in which micronuclear-limited sequences, internal eliminated sequences (IES) and breakage eliminated sequences (BES) are removed from the developing macronucleus (anlage) of a ciliate.
GOC:mah
GOC:ns
Any complex that acts to move proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.
nucleocytoplasmic shuttling complex
cellular_component
GO:0031074
nucleocytoplasmic transport complex
Any complex that acts to move proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.
GOC:mah
Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.
BLOC-1 related complex
cellular_component
GO:0031082
BLOC complex
Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.
PMID:15102850
PMID:15261680
BLOC-1 related complex
PMID:25898167
A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin.
cellular_component
GO:0031094
platelet dense tubular network
A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin.
PMID:1322202
A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.
cellular_component
GO:0031105
septin complex
A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.
GOC:mah
PMID:15385632
A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.
Wikipedia:Pseudopod
pseudopod
cellular_component
GO:0031143
pseudopodium
A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.
ISBN:0198506732
An endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated complex involved in the translocation of proteins that are targeted to the ER. In yeast, this complex consists of two subcomplexes, namely, the Sec61 complex and the Sec62/Sec63 complex.
cellular_component
GO:0031205
endoplasmic reticulum Sec complex
An endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated complex involved in the translocation of proteins that are targeted to the ER. In yeast, this complex consists of two subcomplexes, namely, the Sec61 complex and the Sec62/Sec63 complex.
GOC:mtg_sensu
PMID:12158317
PMID:14617809
A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule.
cellular_component
GO:0031248
protein acetyltransferase complex
A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule.
GOC:bf
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.
front of cell
leading edge of cell
cellular_component
GO:0031252
cell leading edge
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.
GOC:pg
The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.
back of cell
trailing edge
cellular_component
GO:0031254
cell trailing edge
The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.
GOC:pg
A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor, and may control the activation of caspases 8 and 10.
Wikipedia:Death-inducing_signaling_complex
DISC
DISC protein complex
death receptor-induced signaling complex
death receptor-induced signalling complex
death-inducing signalling complex
cellular_component
GO:0031264
Gene products that may be annotated to this term include: 1) ligand-bound receptors such as FAS/CD95 (though care should be taken because FAS can also act as a non-apoptotic signal transducer); 2) signaling molecules such as FADD (FAS-associated protein with a death domain), cIAPs (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins), c-FLIPs and caspases 8 and 10.
death-inducing signaling complex
A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor, and may control the activation of caspases 8 and 10.
GOC:mtg_apoptosis
PMID:12628743
PMID:12655293
PMID:8521815
Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins.
cellular_component
GO:0031332
RNAi effector complex
Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins.
GOC:mah
PMID:14704433
Any complex that possesses ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity.
cellular_component
E2 complex
GO:0031371
ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex
Any complex that possesses ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity.
GOC:mah
A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another protein where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation.
ubiquitin-like protein modifier
molecular_function
covalent modifier
protein tagging activity
ubiquitin
GO:0031386
Use this term to annotate conjugated tags, not for conjugating enzymes. At the time of writing, all known gene products with this activity are ubiquitin-like, either based on overall sequence similarity or the presence of common motifs and structures.
protein tag
A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another protein where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation.
GOC:dos
GOC:go_curators
PMID:19028679
PMID:20054389
PMID:6305978
covalent modifier
GOC:vw
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a carboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
molecular_function
GO:0031406
carboxylic acid binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a carboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
GOC:mah
ISBN:0198506732
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
molecular_function
GO:0031409
pigment binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
GOC:mah
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing metabolic enzymes whose purpose is the sequestration or concentration of metabolites and which has the appearance of a polygonal granule by electron microscopy.
cellular_component
GO:0031469
polyhedral organelle
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing metabolic enzymes whose purpose is the sequestration or concentration of metabolites and which has the appearance of a polygonal granule by electron microscopy.
GOC:js
PMID:10498708
PMID:11844753
PMID:12923081
A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity.
cellular_component
GO:0031501
mannosyltransferase complex
A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity.
GOC:mah
A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.
Polycomb Group protein complex
cellular_component
GO:0031519
PcG protein complex
A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.
PMID:9372908
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
GO:0001908
killing of cells of another organism
killing of cells of another, non-host, organism
biological_process
GO:0031640
killing of cells of other organism
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
GOC:add
killing of cells of another organism
GOC:bf
Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.
biological_process
GO:0031647
regulation of protein stability
Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.
GOC:dph
GOC:mah
GOC:tb
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.
GO:0031988
NIF_Subcellular:sao221389602
Wikipedia:Vesicle_(biology)
cellular_component
membrane-bounded vesicle
membrane-enclosed vesicle
GO:0031982
vesicle
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.
GOC:mah
GOC:pz
GOC:vesicles
The biological transducer activity that accepts energy and converts it to another form, often by transfer to another molecule within the cell.
molecular_function
light harvesting activity
photon capture
GO:0031992
energy transducer activity
The biological transducer activity that accepts energy and converts it to another form, often by transfer to another molecule within the cell.
GOC:go_curators
A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology)
plasma membrane bleb
cellular_component
GO:0032059
bleb
A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
GOC:mtg_apoptosis
PMID:12083798
PMID:16624291
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb_(cell_biology)
plasma membrane bleb
GOC:pr
The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.
cell division plane
cellular_component
GO:0032153
Note that this term refers to the future site of division in a cell that has not yet divided.
cell division site
The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.
GOC:bf
GOC:imk
GOC:krc
GOC:ns
PMID:12101122
PMID:15380095
PMID:16983191
PMID:18165305
The slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most spores in germination.
Wikipedia:Germ_tube
cellular_component
GO:0032179
germ tube
The slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most spores in germination.
ISBN:0877799148
Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
Wikipedia:Transposon
biological_process
GO:0032196
transposition
Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
GOC:jp
ISBN:1555812090
Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.
cellular_component
GO:0032300
mismatch repair complex
Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.
GOC:mah
The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.
biological_process
GO:0032392
Note that DNA geometric change and DNA topological change (GO:0006265) are distinct, but are usually coupled in vivo.
DNA geometric change
The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.
GOC:mah
A bundle of cross-linked stereocilia, arranged around a kinocilium on the apical surface of a sensory hair cell (e.g. a neuromast, auditory or vestibular hair cell). Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.
stereocilia bundle
cellular_component
GO:0032421
stereocilium bundle
A bundle of cross-linked stereocilia, arranged around a kinocilium on the apical surface of a sensory hair cell (e.g. a neuromast, auditory or vestibular hair cell). Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.
GOC:ecd
PMID:15661519
PMID:7840137
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a substrate.
molecular_function
GO:0032451
demethylase activity
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a substrate.
GOC:mah
A complex that possesses di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase activity; involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis.
cellular_component
GO:0032476
decaprenyl diphosphate synthase complex
A complex that possesses di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase activity; involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis.
GOC:mah
PMID:14519123
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
janelomax
2012-09-19T16:07:47Z
GO:0044707
GO:0050874
organismal physiological process
biological_process
single-multicellular organism process
GO:0032501
multicellular organismal process
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
GOC:curators
GOC:dph
GOC:isa_complete
GOC:tb
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
janelomax
2012-12-19T12:21:31Z
GO:0044767
development
biological_process
single-organism developmental process
GO:0032502
developmental process
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
GOC:isa_complete
The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.
cellular structure morphogenesis
biological_process
GO:0032989
cellular component morphogenesis
The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.
GOC:dph
GOC:mah
GOC:tb
cellular structure morphogenesis
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
GO:0043234
macromolecular complex
macromolecule complex
protein containing complex
protein complex
protein-protein complex
cellular_component
GO:0032991
A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole.
protein-containing complex
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
GOC:dos
GOC:mah
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.
DNA-protein complex
cellular_component
GO:0032993
Note that this term is intended to classify complexes that have DNA as one of the members of the complex, that is, the complex does not exist if DNA is not present. Protein complexes that interact with DNA e.g. transcription factor complexes should not be classified here.
protein-DNA complex
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.
GOC:mah
DNA-protein complex
GOC:mah
A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin.
immunoglobulin receptor complex
Fc-receptor complex
FcR complex
cellular_component
GO:0032997
Fc receptor complex
A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin.
GOC:add
ISBN:0781735149
A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA.
cellular_component
GO:0033061
Many paralogs of Rad51 act as recombinase mediators. These paralogs dimerize (or occasionally form tetramers) amongst themselves to form complexes with ssDNA-binding activity, and which act as mediators of Rad51 presynaptic filament assembly.
DNA recombinase mediator complex
A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA.
GOC:elh
GOC:mah
GOC:vw
InterPro:IPR003488
PMID:12912992
A membrane-bounded extension of the cell, originally characterized in Mycoplasma species, that contains an electron-dense core that is part of the cytoskeleton and is oriented lengthwise and ends distally in a bulbous knob (terminal button). Required for adherence to host cells and involved in gliding motility and cell division.
cellular_component
GO:0033099
attachment organelle
A membrane-bounded extension of the cell, originally characterized in Mycoplasma species, that contains an electron-dense core that is part of the cytoskeleton and is oriented lengthwise and ends distally in a bulbous knob (terminal button). Required for adherence to host cells and involved in gliding motility and cell division.
PMID:11325545
PMID:12003948
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/3529/
A protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity.
cellular_component
GO:0033202
DNA helicase complex
A protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity.
GOC:mah
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
molecular_function
GO:0033218
amide binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
CHEBI:32988
GOC:mah
A protein complex containing an inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB/IKB) protein and one or more copies of an NF-kappaB protein. In the resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm.
cellular_component
GO:0033256
I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complex
A protein complex containing an inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB/IKB) protein and one or more copies of an NF-kappaB protein. In the resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm.
GOC:bf
GOC:mah
PMID:9407099
A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.
cellular_component
GO:0035097
histone methyltransferase complex
A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.
GOC:bf
A long, thin, polarized cell projection that contains actin and can extend for distances many times the diameter of the cell. Cytonemes represent extensions of cell cytoplasm and typically have a diameter of approximately 0.2um.
Wikipedia:Membrane_nanotube
membrane nanotube
cellular_component
GO:0035230
cytoneme
A long, thin, polarized cell projection that contains actin and can extend for distances many times the diameter of the cell. Cytonemes represent extensions of cell cytoplasm and typically have a diameter of approximately 0.2um.
PMID:10367889
PMID:10675901
membrane nanotube
Wikipedia:Membrane_nanotube
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phthalate, any ester or salt of phthalic acid.
molecular_function
GO:0035273
phthalate binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phthalate, any ester or salt of phthalic acid.
http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/pth/pth_map.html
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
rfoulger
2011-08-01T02:45:27Z
GO:0004872
GO:0019041
receptor activity
receptor activity involved in signal transduction
molecular_function
GO:0038023
signaling receptor activity
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
GOC:bf
GOC:signaling
receptor activity involved in signal transduction
GOC:bf
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
GO:0048590
biological_process
growth pattern
non-developmental growth
GO:0040007
See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'.
growth
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
GOC:bf
GOC:ma
non-developmental growth
GOC:mah
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
MIPS_funcat:02.45.11
biological_process
GO:0040011
locomotion
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
GOC:dgh
The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0042044
fluid transport
The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:ai
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.
attractant
molecular_function
GO:0042056
chemoattractant activity
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.
GOC:go_curators
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
neurotransmitter metabolism
biological_process
GO:0042133
neurotransmitter metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
CHEBI:25512
GOC:jl
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
molecular_function
GO:0042165
neurotransmitter binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
ketone metabolism
biological_process
GO:0042180
cellular ketone metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0787650153
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
GO:0007046
ribosome biogenesis and assembly
biological_process
GO:0042254
ribosome biogenesis
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
GOC:ma
PMID:26404467
Wikipedia:Ribosome_biogenesis
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
MIPS_funcat:16.02
molecular_function
GO:0042277
peptide binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
GOC:jl
The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.
biological_process
GO:0042303
molting cycle
The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
pigment metabolism
biological_process
GO:0042440
pigment metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
hormone metabolism
biological_process
GO:0042445
hormone metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
CHEBI:24621
GOC:jl
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
molecular_function
GO:0042562
hormone binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
CHEBI:24621
GOC:jl
A spherical, membrane-bounded organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa, which participates in ATP and molecular hydrogen formation.
Wikipedia:Hydrogenosome
cellular_component
GO:0042566
hydrogenosome
A spherical, membrane-bounded organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa, which participates in ATP and molecular hydrogen formation.
GOC:jl
PMID:11197234
PMID:11293569
A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA.
cellular_component
GO:0042575
DNA polymerase complex
A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA.
GOC:jl
PMID:12045093
Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Wikipedia:Microbody
cellular_component
GO:0042579
microbody
Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
ISBN:0198506732
The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall (Fungi and Gram-positive Bacteria).
GO:0005620
MIPS_funcat:70.28
periplasm
cellular_component
GO:0042597
periplasmic space
The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall (Fungi and Gram-positive Bacteria).
GOC:go_curators
GOC:md
A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish.
cellular_component
GO:0042600
Note that this term does not refer to the extraembryonic membrane surrounding the embryo of amniote vertebrates as this is an anatomical structure and is therefore not covered by GO.
chorion
A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0721662544
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.
cellular_component
GO:0042611
MHC protein complex
A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.
GOC:add
GOC:jl
ISBN:0781735149
PMID:15928678
PMID:16153240
The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.
PHA metabolic process
PHA metabolism
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) metabolism
biological_process
GO:0042620
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.
GOC:jl
PMID:9925580
A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.
MIPS_funcat:43.01.02.13
biological_process
GO:0042710
biofilm formation
A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.
GOC:di
PMID:11932229
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
pheromone metabolism
biological_process
GO:0042810
pheromone metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
ISBN:0198506732
A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules.
peptide-loading complex
cellular_component
PLC
GO:0042824
Note that although this complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum, there is some evidence that it may also be found in the Golgi.
MHC class I peptide loading complex
A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules.
GOC:jl
PMID:10631934
peptide-loading complex
GOC:bhm
PLC
GOC:bhm
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0042886
amide transport
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
The directed movement of a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to living organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
GO:0042908
xenobiotic transport
The directed movement of a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to living organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
GOC:go_curators
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
cell process
cellular process
cellular projection
cellular_component
GO:0042995
cell projection
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
GOC:jl
http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
NIF_Subcellular:sao-867568886
neuron process
neuron protrusion
neuronal cell projection
neurite
cellular_component
nerve fiber
GO:0043005
neuron projection
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
GOC:jl
http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/
neuron protrusion
NIF_Subcellular:sao-250931889
nerve fiber
GOC:dph
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any complex of RNA and protein.
RNP binding
protein-RNA complex binding
ribonucleoprotein binding
molecular_function
GO:0043021
ribonucleoprotein complex binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any complex of RNA and protein.
GOC:bf
GOC:go_curators
GOC:vk
protein-RNA complex binding
GOC:bf
GOC:vk
ribonucleoprotein binding
GOC:bf
GOC:vk
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
NIF_Subcellular:sao1044911821
Wikipedia:Soma_(biology)
neuron cell body
neuronal cell soma
cellular_component
GO:0043025
Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections.
neuronal cell body
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.
GOC:go_curators
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages.
debranching enzyme complex
cellular_component
GO:0043033
isoamylase complex
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages.
GOC:jl
PMID:10333591
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
extracellular structure organisation
extracellular structure organization and biogenesis
biological_process
GO:0043062
extracellular structure organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
GOC:ai
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
extracellular structure organisation
GOC:curators
extracellular structure organization and biogenesis
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.
biological_process
GO:0043094
cellular metabolic compound salvage
Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.
GOC:mlg
Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
biological_process
purine salvage
GO:0043101
purine-containing compound salvage
Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
CHEBI:26401
GOC:jl
purine salvage
GOC:curators
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
MIPS_funcat:42.34
cell envelope organisation
biological_process
cell envelope organization and biogenesis
GO:0043163
cell envelope organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
GOC:jl
cell envelope organisation
GOC:curators
cell envelope organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ions, charged atoms or groups of atoms.
molecular_function
atom binding
GO:0043167
ion binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ions, charged atoms or groups of atoms.
GOC:jl
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
GO:0043283
GO:0044259
biopolymer metabolic process
macromolecule metabolism
organismal macromolecule metabolism
multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process
biological_process
GO:0043170
macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
CHEBI:33694
GOC:mah
biopolymer metabolic process
GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group.
molecular_function
GO:0043176
amine binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group.
GOC:jl
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
molecular_function
GO:0043178
alcohol binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
GOC:jl
ISBN:0198506732
A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter.
GO:0043191
GO:0043192
ABC-type efflux permease complex
ABC-type efflux porter complex
ABC-type uptake permease complex
mating pheromone exporter
cellular_component
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex
GO:0043190
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex
A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter.
GOC:jl
GOC:mtg_sensu
PMID:11421269
PMID:15111107
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
NIF_Subcellular:sao1539965131
Wikipedia:Organelle
cellular_component
GO:0043226
organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
GOC:go_curators
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
cellular_component
GO:0043229
intracellular organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
GOC:go_curators
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
cellular_component
GO:0043230
extracellular organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
GOC:jl
PMID:9914479
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
cellular_component
GO:0043231
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
GOC:go_curators
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
cellular_component
GO:0043232
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
GOC:go_curators
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
cellular_component
GO:0043235
receptor complex
Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
GOC:go_curators
A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes.
cellular_component
GO:0043256
laminin complex
A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes.
GOC:jl
PMID:10842354
http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/newgene/laminna1.htm
Catalyzes the activation of an enzyme by generating an organic free radical on a glycine residue via a homolytic cleavage of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM).
catalysis of free radical formation
EC:1.97.1
molecular_function
GO:0043364
Changed term label and definition as requested https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14190
glycyl-radical enzyme activating activity
Catalyzes the activation of an enzyme by generating an organic free radical on a glycine residue via a homolytic cleavage of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM).
GOC:jl
PMID:24486374
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
biological_process
GO:0043412
macromolecule modification
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
GOC:go_curators
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, as carried out by individual cells.
alkane metabolism
biological_process
GO:0043446
cellular alkane metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, as carried out by individual cells.
CHEBI:18310
GOC:jl
Wikipedia:Alkane
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells.
alkene metabolism
biological_process
GO:0043449
cellular alkene metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells.
CHEBI:32878
GOC:jl
Wikipedia:Alkene
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkyne, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, as carried out by individual cells.
alkyne metabolism
biological_process
GO:0043452
cellular alkyne metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkyne, any cyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, as carried out by individual cells.
CHEBI:22339
GOC:jl
Wikipedia:Alkyne
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.
biological_process
GO:0043473
pigmentation
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.
GOC:jl
A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
biological_process
muscle plasticity
GO:0043500
muscle adaptation
A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
GOC:mtg_muscle
PMID:11181628
PMID:11449884
PMID:12605307
Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B.
cellular_component
GO:0043511
Note that the actions of the inhibin complex are the opposite of those of the activin complex, which is a dimer of an inhibin beta-A and/or inhibin beta-B subunit. See also the cellular component term 'activin complex ; GO:0048180'.
inhibin complex
Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B.
GOC:jl
A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA.
cellular_component
GO:0043527
tRNA methyltransferase complex
A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA.
GOC:jl
The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.
GO:0055030
spore wall
endospore wall
peptidoglycan-based spore wall
cellular_component
GO:0043591
endospore external encapsulating structure
The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.
GOC:go_curators
PMID:15035041
spore wall
GOC:mtg_sensu
endospore wall
GOC:mah
peptidoglycan-based spore wall
GOC:mtg_sensu
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
amide metabolism
biological_process
GO:0043603
cellular amide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
CHEBI:32988
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
GO:0071843
cellular component biogenesis at cellular level
biological_process
GO:0044085
cellular component biogenesis
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
primary metabolism
biological_process
GO:0044238
primary metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
GOC:go_curators
http://www.metacyc.org
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular lipid metabolism
biological_process
GO:0044255
cellular lipid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
GOC:jl
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species.
interaction with another species
interspecies interaction
interspecies interaction with other organisms
biological_process
GO:0044419
interspecies interaction between organisms
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species.
GOC:cc
Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
NIF_Subcellular:sao628508602
cellular subcomponent
cellular_component
protoplast
GO:0044464
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
cell part
Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
GOC:jl
cellular subcomponent
NIF_Subcellular:sao628508602
protoplast
GOC:mah
The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.
cellular_component
GO:0045177
apical part of cell
The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0815316194
The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.
cellular_component
GO:0045178
basal part of cell
The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.
GOC:mah
ISBN:0815316194
Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
translation factor activity
molecular_function
GO:0045182
translation regulator activity
Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
GOC:ai
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
NIF_Subcellular:sao914572699
Wikipedia:Chemical_synapse
synaptic junction
mixed synapse
cellular_component
electrotonic synapse
GO:0045202
synapse
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
ISBN:0198506732
mixed synapse
NIF_Subcellular:sao1506103497
electrotonic synapse
NIF_Subcellular:sao1311109124
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.
external encapsulating structure organisation
external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis
biological_process
GO:0045229
external encapsulating structure organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.
GOC:ai
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
external encapsulating structure organisation
GOC:curators
external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
MIPS_funcat:42.34.03
capsule organisation
biological_process
capsule organization and biogenesis
GO:0045230
capsule organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
GOC:ai
capsule organisation
GOC:curators
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a slime layer. A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell.
MIPS_funcat:42.34.03
slime layer organisation
biological_process
slime layer organization and biogenesis
GO:0045231
slime layer organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a slime layer. A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell.
GOC:ai
slime layer organisation
GOC:curators
slime layer organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle.
TCA cycle enzyme complex
cellular_component
GO:0045239
tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex
Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle.
GOC:mah
A protein complex facilitating the electron transfer from an acyl-CoA molecule to ubiquinone via its flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Usually contains an alpha and a beta subunit and the structural cofactor adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Part of a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the electron transport system.
ETF complex
cellular_component
GO:0045251
electron transfer flavoprotein complex
A protein complex facilitating the electron transfer from an acyl-CoA molecule to ubiquinone via its flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Usually contains an alpha and a beta subunit and the structural cofactor adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Part of a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the electron transport system.
GOC:bhm
ISBN:0198506732
ETF complex
GOC:bhm
A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).
dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase complex
cellular_component
GO:0045252
See also the molecular functions term 'oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity ; GO:0004591', 'dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase activity ; GO:0004149' and 'dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0004148'.
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).
MetaCyc:CPLX66-42
PMID:10848975
A complex of a regulatory and catalytic subunit that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
cellular_component
GO:0045253
See also the cellular component term 'cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; GO:0045250'.
pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) phosphatase complex
A complex of a regulatory and catalytic subunit that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
PMID:9395502
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
GO:0009364
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase complex
MIPS_funcat:02.08
Wikipedia:Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (lipoamide)
cellular_component
GO:0045254
Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The functions of this complex are represented by the molecular function terms 'pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) activity ; GO:0004739', 'dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0004742', and 'dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0004148'.
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
ISBN:0716720094
A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain.
cellular_component
electron transport complex II
GO:0045273
respiratory chain complex II
A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain.
ISBN:0198547684
A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
GO:0032842
GO:0045285
Wikipedia:Coenzyme_Q_-_cytochrome_c_reductase
complex III
cytochrome bc(1) complex
cytochrome bc1 complex
ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex
ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex
cellular_component
CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex
coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex
coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase complex
electron transport complex III
GO:0045275
respiratory chain complex III
A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
PMID:16228398
PMID:16352458
PMID:17200733
A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).
GO:0045287
cytochrome c oxidase complex
cellular_component
electron transport complex IV
GO:0045277
respiratory chain complex IV
A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).
ISBN:0198547684
A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes.
editosome
cellular_component
GO:0045293
mRNA editing complex
A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes.
PMID:11564867
PMID:12139607
PMID:24316715
http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol1/issue1/full/4/
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
respiration
MIPS_funcat:02.13
Wikipedia:Cellular_respiration
oxidative metabolic process
oxidative metabolism
biological_process
GO:0045333
cellular respiration
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
GOC:das
ISBN:0140513590
ISBN:0198506732
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome, a large intracellular spectrin-rich structure found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells.
fusome organisation
biological_process
fusome organization and biogenesis
GO:0045478
fusome organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome, a large intracellular spectrin-rich structure found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells.
GOC:dph
GOC:go_curators
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
fusome organisation
GOC:curators
fusome organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.
chemorepellant activity
molecular_function
GO:0045499
chemorepellent activity
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.
GOC:ai
Functions in the storage of nutritious substrates.
molecular_function
storage protein
storage protein of fat body
yolk protein
GO:0045735
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete terms 'storage protein ; GO:0005187' and 'storage protein of fat body (sensu Insecta) ; GO:0008041'.
nutrient reservoir activity
Functions in the storage of nutritious substrates.
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
heterocycle metabolism
biological_process
GO:0046483
heterocycle metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
CHEBI:5686
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
IPP metabolic process
IPP metabolism
isopentenyl diphosphate metabolism
isopentenyl pyrophosphate metabolic process
isopentenyl pyrophosphate metabolism
biological_process
GO:0046490
isopentenyl diphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
ISBN:0198506732
A protein or protein-RNA complex that localizes to one or more of the sex chromosome(s), where it acts to normalize transcription between different sexes.
cellular_component
GO:0046536
dosage compensation complex
A protein or protein-RNA complex that localizes to one or more of the sex chromosome(s), where it acts to normalize transcription between different sexes.
GOC:kmv
GOC:mah
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.
viral transport
virion transport
biological_process
GO:0046794
transport of virus
The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.
GOC:ai
viral transport
GOC:bf
GOC:jl
virion transport
GOC:bf
GOC:jl
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the surface of a host cell.
molecular_function
GO:0046812
host cell surface binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the surface of a host cell.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
biological_process
GO:0046864
isoprenoid transport
The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
GOC:ai
The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.
MIPS_funcat:20.09.16
biological_process
GO:0046903
secretion
The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.
GOC:ai
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.
porphyrin binding
molecular_function
GO:0046906
tetrapyrrole binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.
CHEBI:26932
GOC:curators
ISBN:0198506732
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone, as carried out by individual cells. Although 3-hydroxybutyrate is not a ketone, it is classed as a ketone body because it exists in an equilibrium with acetoacetate. Ketone bodies may accumulate in excessive amounts in the body in starvation, diabetes mellitus or in other defects of carbohydrate metabolism.
cellular ketone body metabolism
biological_process
GO:0046950
cellular ketone body metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone, as carried out by individual cells. Although 3-hydroxybutyrate is not a ketone, it is classed as a ketone body because it exists in an equilibrium with acetoacetate. Ketone bodies may accumulate in excessive amounts in the body in starvation, diabetes mellitus or in other defects of carbohydrate metabolism.
ISBN:0198506732
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. Cofactors may be inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in certain forms, or organic, in which case they are referred to as coenzymes. Cofactors may either be bound tightly to active sites or bind loosely with the substrate.
MIPS_funcat:16.21
molecular_function
GO:0048037
cofactor binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. Cofactors may be inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in certain forms, or organic, in which case they are referred to as coenzymes. Cofactors may either be bound tightly to active sites or bind loosely with the substrate.
ISBN:0198506732
A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit.
cellular_component
GO:0048180
Note that the actions of the activin complex are the opposite of those of the inhibin complex, which is a dimer of an inhibin beta-A or inhibin beta-B subunit and a inhibin alpha subunit. See 'inhibin complex ; GO:0043511'.
activin complex
A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit.
GOC:go_curators
http://www.mercksource.com
http://www.stedmans.com/
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
biological_process
GO:0048284
organelle fusion
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
GOC:jid
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
biological_process
GO:0048285
organelle fission
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
GOC:jid
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
biological_process
GO:0048308
organelle inheritance
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
GOC:jid
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.
biological_process
functional differentiation
GO:0048469
cell maturation
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.
GOC:go_curators
functional differentiation
GOC:dph
An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated.
resolvasome
Mus81-Eme1 complex
Mus81-Eme1 holliday resolvase complex
Mus81-Eme2 complex
Mus81-Eme2 holliday resolvase complex
cellular_component
GO:0048476
Holliday junction resolvase complex
An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated.
PMID:11207366
PMID:12374758
resolvasome
PMID:11207366
A complex containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.
RubisCO complex
cellular_component
GO:0048492
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex
A complex containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.
GOC:mlg
A complex of protein and RNA which facilitates translocation of proteins across membranes.
Wikipedia:Signal_recognition_particle
cellular_component
GO:0048500
signal recognition particle
A complex of protein and RNA which facilitates translocation of proteins across membranes.
GOC:mlg
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
MIPS_funcat:34.11.11
biological_process
rhythm
GO:0048511
rhythmic process
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
GOC:jid
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.
pigment granule organisation
biological_process
pigment granule organization and biogenesis
GO:0048753
pigment granule organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.
GOC:rc
pigment granule organisation
GOC:curators
pigment granule organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.
biological_process
GO:0048771
tissue remodeling
The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.
GOC:ebc
The chemical reactions and pathways involving depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively.
depsipeptide metabolism
biological_process
GO:0050761
depsipeptide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively.
GOC:go_curators
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
GO:0050791
regulation of physiological process
biological_process
GO:0050789
regulation of biological process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
GOC:ai
GOC:go_curators
The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
clotting
biological_process
GO:0050817
coagulation
The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
ISBN:0198506732
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a component of the extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix constituent binding
molecular_function
adhesive extracellular matrix constituent
GO:0050840
extracellular matrix binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a component of the extracellular matrix.
GOC:ai
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
MIPS_funcat:36.25.03
neurological system process
neurophysiological process
biological_process
pan-neural process
GO:0050877
Discussion of class label and synonyms: https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13824
nervous system process
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
GOC:ai
GOC:mtg_cardio
Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.
biological_process
GO:0050878
regulation of body fluid levels
Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.
GOC:ai
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.
MIPS_funcat:02.45.11
biological_process
GO:0050879
multicellular organismal movement
Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.
GOC:dph
GOC:mtg_muscle
GOC:tb
The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
endocrine physiological process
endocrine physiology
biological_process
GO:0050886
endocrine process
The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
ISBN:0721662544
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
GO:0051869
MIPS_funcat:34.11
physiological response to stimulus
biological_process
GO:0050896
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
response to stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
GOC:ai
GOC:bf
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
jl
2013-12-18T13:51:04Z
GO:1902578
establishment and maintenance of localization
establishment and maintenance of position
localisation
establishment and maintenance of cellular component location
establishment and maintenance of substance location
establishment and maintenance of substrate location
biological_process
single organism localization
single-organism localization
GO:0051179
localization
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
GOC:ai
GOC:dos
localisation
GOC:mah
single organism localization
GOC:TermGenie
The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
vitamin or cofactor transport
MIPS_funcat:20.01.25
biological_process
GO:0051180
vitamin transport
The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
GOC:ai
The directed movement of a cofactor into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A cofactor is a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein.
vitamin or cofactor transport
MIPS_funcat:20.01.25
biological_process
GO:0051181
cofactor transport
The directed movement of a cofactor into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A cofactor is a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein.
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. Cofactors may be inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in certain forms, or organic, in which case they are referred to as coenzymes. Cofactors may either be bound tightly to active sites or bind loosely with the substrate.
cofactor metabolism
biological_process
GO:0051186
cofactor metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. Cofactors may be inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in certain forms, or organic, in which case they are referred to as coenzymes. Cofactors may either be bound tightly to active sites or bind loosely with the substrate.
GOC:ai
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.
coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism
MIPS_funcat:01.07
prosthetic group metabolism
biological_process
GO:0051189
prosthetic group metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.
GOC:ai
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products.
Reactome:R-HSA-112120
Reactome:R-HSA-112121
Reactome:R-HSA-112124
Reactome:R-HSA-112125
molecular_function
GO:0051213
dioxygenase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products.
DOI:10.1016/S0040-4020(03)00944-X
GOC:bf
http://www.onelook.com/
Reactome:R-HSA-112120
Oxidative demethylation of 3-meC damaged DNA by ALKBH2
Reactome:R-HSA-112121
Oxidative dealkylation of 1-etA damaged DNA By ALKBH2
Reactome:R-HSA-112124
Oxidative demethylation of 3-meC damaged DNA By ALKBH3
Reactome:R-HSA-112125
Oxidative dealkylation of 1-EtA damaged DNA by ABH3
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
establishment of localisation
biological_process
GO:0051234
establishment of localization
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
GOC:ai
GOC:dos
establishment of localisation
GOC:mah
The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
protein polymer biosynthesis
protein polymer biosynthetic process
protein polymer formation
biological_process
GO:0051258
protein polymerization
The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
GOC:ai
The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
protein polymer breakdown
protein polymer catabolic process
protein polymer catabolism
protein polymer degradation
biological_process
GO:0051261
protein depolymerization
The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
GOC:ai
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
GO:0007001
GO:0051277
MIPS_funcat:42.10.03
chromosome organisation
biological_process
chromosome organization and biogenesis
maintenance of genome integrity
nuclear genome maintenance
GO:0051276
chromosome organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
GOC:ai
GOC:dph
GOC:jl
GOC:mah
chromosome organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
Wikipedia:Cell_division
biological_process
GO:0051301
Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.
cell division
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
GOC:di
GOC:go_curators
GOC:pr
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cluster of atoms including both metal ions and nonmetal atoms, usually sulfur and oxygen. Examples include iron-sulfur clusters and nickel-iron-sulfur clusters.
molecular_function
GO:0051540
metal cluster binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a cluster of atoms including both metal ions and nonmetal atoms, usually sulfur and oxygen. Examples include iron-sulfur clusters and nickel-iron-sulfur clusters.
GOC:jsg
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
biological_process
GO:0051604
protein maturation
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
GOC:ai
The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
MIPS_funcat:34.11
stimulus detection
biological_process
perception of stimulus
stimulus sensing
GO:0051606
detection of stimulus
The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
GOC:add
GOC:ai
GOC:dph
GOC:mah
Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of organelle localization
organelle localisation
biological_process
GO:0051640
organelle localization
Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
GOC:ai
organelle localisation
GOC:mah
A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.
jl
2013-12-18T14:04:32Z
GO:1902580
cellular localisation
establishment and maintenance of cellular localization
establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane
single organism cellular localization
intracellular localization
localization within cell
biological_process
single-organism cellular localization
GO:0051641
cellular localization
A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.
GOC:tb
GOC:vw
cellular localisation
GOC:mah
single organism cellular localization
GOC:TermGenie
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.
intraspecies interaction with other organisms
biological_process
GO:0051703
intraspecies interaction between organisms
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.
GOC:ai
A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species.
GO:0051706
interaction between organisms
physiological interaction between organisms
physiological interaction with other organism
biological_process
GO:0051704
multi-organism process
A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species.
GOC:jl
Any process in which an organism has a behavioral effect on another organism of the same or different species.
GO:0023032
GO:0044709
behavioral interaction between organisms
behavioral interaction with other organism
behavioural interaction between organisms
behavioural interaction with other organism
behavioral signaling
behavioral signalling
biological_process
GO:0051705
multi-organism behavior
Any process in which an organism has a behavioral effect on another organism of the same or different species.
GOC:ai
behavioral signalling
GOC:mah
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.
phytoalexin metabolism
biological_process
GO:0052314
phytoalexin metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.
Wikipedia:Phytoalexin
The interconnected cell membranes and intracellular regions of a plant. The interconnections occur via the plasmodesmata.
Wikipedia:Symplast
cellular_component
GO:0055044
symplast
The interconnected cell membranes and intracellular regions of a plant. The interconnections occur via the plasmodesmata.
GOC:mtg_sensu
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
Wikipedia:Redox
oxidation reduction
oxidoreductase process
biological_process
GO:0055114
oxidation-reduction process
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
GOC:dhl
GOC:ecd
GOC:jh2
GOC:jid
GOC:mlg
GOC:rph
oxidation reduction
GOC:curators
oxidoreductase process
A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.
molecular_function
GO:0060089
molecular transducer activity
A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.
GOC:dos
GOC:pdt
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
GO:0032947
binding, bridging
molecular_function
protein complex scaffold activity
protein-containing complex scaffold activity
GO:0060090
molecular adaptor activity
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07
GOC:vw
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
janelomax
2010-02-08T02:43:11Z
GO:0016044
GO:0044802
cellular membrane organisation
cellular membrane organization
membrane organisation
biological_process
membrane organization and biogenesis
single-organism membrane organization
GO:0061024
membrane organization
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
GOC:dph
GOC:tb
cellular membrane organisation
GOC:curators
membrane organisation
GOC:mah
membrane organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
GO:0006461
biological_process
chaperone activity
macromolecular complex assembly
macromolecule complex assembly
protein complex assembly
protein complex formation
GO:0065003
protein-containing complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
GOC:jl
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
regulation
biological_process
GO:0065007
biological regulation
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
GOC:dph
GOC:isa_complete
GOC:mah
GOC:pr
GOC:vw
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
regulation of biological attribute
regulation of biological characteristic
biological_process
GO:0065008
regulation of biological quality
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
GOC:dph
GOC:isa_complete
GOC:mah
GOC:pr
GOC:vw
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
regulation of a molecular function
biological_process
GO:0065009
regulation of molecular function
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
GOC:isa_complete
A protein complex that constitutes a specific site of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum, which involves the signal recognition particle receptor. The complex contains a core heterotrimer of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, and may contain additional proteins.
midori
2009-12-08T02:08:03Z
GO:0031206
Sec complex-associated translocon complex
cellular_component
GO:0071256
translocon complex
A protein complex that constitutes a specific site of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum, which involves the signal recognition particle receptor. The complex contains a core heterotrimer of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, and may contain additional proteins.
GOC:mah
PMID:10611978
PMID:18166647
PMID:8612571
Sec complex-associated translocon complex
GOC:mah
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
midori
2010-01-13T03:33:07Z
GO:0007047
GO:0044234
cell wall organisation
cell wall organisation in other organism
cell wall organization at cellular level
cell wall organization in other organism
cellular cell wall organisation
cellular cell wall organization
biological_process
cell wall organization and biogenesis
GO:0071555
cell wall organization
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
GOC:mah
cell wall organisation
GOC:curators
cell wall organisation in other organism
GOC:mah
cell wall organization at cellular level
GOC:mah
cellular cell wall organisation
GOC:curators
cell wall organization and biogenesis
GOC:mah
The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.
pr
2013-12-20T11:08:37Z
GO:0006818
GO:0015991
GO:0015992
hydrogen transport
proton transport
hydrogen ion transmembrane transport
hydrogen transmembrane transport
proton transmembrane transport
ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport
passive proton transport, down the electrochemical gradient
biological_process
hydrogen ion transport
GO:1902600
proton transmembrane transport
The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.
GOC:TermGenie
GOC:pr
GO_REF:0000069
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.
pr
2015-11-19T12:26:37Z
GO:0030529
GO:1990903
Wikipedia:Ribonucleoprotein
RNA-protein complex
RNP
protein-RNA complex
ribonucleoprotein complex
extracellular ribonucleoprotein complex
intracellular ribonucleoprotein complex
cellular_component
GO:1990904
ribonucleoprotein complex
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.
GOC:vesicles